مولانا قاضی سجاد حسین
(پروفیسر مختار الدین )
علمی و دینی حلقوں میں یہ خبر افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ اواخر دسمبر ۱۹۹۰ء میں قاضی سجاد حسین دہلی میں رحلت فرماگئے۔ خدا ان کی مغفرت فرمائے اور انھیں اعلیٰ علیین میں جگہ دے۔
قاضی صاحب اپنے وطن کرت پور ضلع بجنور میں ۱۳۲۸ھ؍ ۱۹۱۰ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ متوسطات کی تعلیم حاصل کرکے وہ دارالعلوم دیوبند گئے جہاں ۱۹۲۸ء میں ۱۸ سال کی عمر میں انھوں نے علوم اسلامی کی تکمیل کی۔ انھوں نے پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے مولوی فاضل کا امتحان بھی دیا اور اعزاز کے ساتھ کامیابی حاصل کی۔ فراغت کے بعد ان کا تعلق مدرسہ عالیہ عربیہ فتحپوری دہلی سے ہوا جہاں وہ ۴۵ سال تک تدریسی خدمات انجام دیتے رہے۔ انھوں نے تقریباً تیس ۳۰ سال تک اسی مدرسے میں شیخ الحدیث کے فرائض انجام دیے۔ وہ عرصے تک اس مدرسے کے صدر مدرس رہے ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد ہزاروں تک پہنچے گی۔ ۱۹۶۷ء میں حکومت ہند نے ان علمی خدمات کے اعتراف میں انھیں پریسیڈنٹ ایوارڈ تفویض کیا۔
تالیف و تصنیف و ترجمے کا شوق انھیں ابتدا ہی سے تھا۔ ان کی پہلی تصنیف جو راقم الحروف کی نظر سے گزری وہ ’’التوشیحات علی السبع المعلقات‘‘ تھی۔ سبعہ معلقہ کی اردو میں ان کی یہ شرح عرصہ ہوا شایع ہوئی تھی، اب عام طور پر نہیں ملتی۔ قاضی صاحب کی دوسری تصانیف حسب ذیل ہیں۔
۱۔ ترجمہ گلستان سعدی سب رنگ کتاب گھر، دہلی، ۱۹۵۳ء
۲۔ ترجمہ بوستان سعدی سب رنگ کتاب گھر، دہلی، ۱۹۶۱ء
۳۔ حاشیہ مالا بدمنہ مصنفہ قاضی ثناء اﷲ پانی پتی (متوفی ۱۲۲۵ھ) اس کے آخر میں کلمات الکفر منقول از فتاواے برہانی، وصیت نامہ قاضی ثناء اﷲ پانی پتی، احکام اضحیہ و وجوب آں اور رسالۂ احکام عقیقہ از مولانا عبدالغفار لکھنوی بھی بطور ضمائم شامل ہیں۔...
A novel technique for conversion of DC power to AC power is introduced using solar powered sine wave generation system is presented. DC power extracted from solar system is made utilitarian for driving the BLDC (brushless DC) motor with constant speed constraints. The back EMF signals of each phase of the BLDC motor facilitated the development of technique for the sine wave generation from solar system without battery backup. This motor is coupled with AC generator, which yields the AC power on demand. The constant speed constraint indispensable for fixed electrical frequency at the output of generator. A new control technique is rendered for reference tracking speed control of BLDC motor using Lyapunov theory by changing switching frequency, and also maintaining the voltage level at the output of converter driving BLDC by regulating the switching frequency of the zeta converter. The proposed methodology for generation of AC power from solar power system is also tested on prototype. The comparison of conventional technique for generation of sine wave power and proposed scheme is mentioned at later section of this paper for describing the efficacy of newly presented scheme.
The study primarily focuses on India’s role in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and explores the main research question: Is India’s role a factor in impeding regional cooperation in South Asia? The study covers these aspects: how the leading member influences the outcome of a cooperative arrangement; dynamics of demand for South Asian regionalism; the smaller states’ and India’s perspectives on SAARC; the expectations of smaller states from India and its response; influence of India’s policies on the process of regional cooperation in prospective areas. The study holds that the leading state has to play a key role in order to make regionalism successful. If interested in the growth of regionalism, the leading state has to address the fears and concerns of smaller states through adopting a restraint and responsible behaviour and ensuring equitable distribution of the gains of regional cooperation. However, confidence in national capabilities, domestic pressures and favourable international environment may induce the leading state to pursue independent course of action and take slight or insignificant interest in promoting regionalism. The demand for South Asian regionalism was closely linked with India’s past policies towards regional states. The smaller states had initiated the idea of SAARC to achieve their security, political and economic objectives. They wanted to use SAARC mainly to contain India in the region but its success also rested on latter’s role and behaviour in the organization. India and smaller states had conflicting interests, priorities and perspectives on SAARC. New Delhi needed to harmonize its interests and priorities with the regional ones but it could not come up to the expectations. It did not favourably respond enough to the political and economic needs, concerns, and demands of the smaller states. India believed that it had to play a leading role in the world politics and it had far wider global interests. South Asia could not meet its growing political and economic needs and it was an area of marginal importance for New Delhi. India was confident of its national capabilities and extra-regional linkages to help promote most of its strategic, political and economic objectives. Favourable international environment and domestic political pressures did not allow India to significantly change its policies in the region and accommodate the concerns, needs and demands of smaller states. It continued to rely mostly on bilateralism to maintain its domination, impose its policies and extract maximum benefits from smaller states and thus obstructed growth of regionalism in South Asia. India’s undue insistence on bilateralism created discontent and mistrust among the people and ruling elites of smaller states, and thus undermined the prospects of regional cooperation in various fields. New Delhi did not take any serious initiative for the growth of regionalism in South Asia. India’s insistent preference for the bilateralism over regionalism made SAARC an ineffective regional organization.