الشفاء بتعریف حقوقِ مصطفیٰ ﷺ کا تعارفی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the “Al-Shifā Ba Ta‘rīf-e-Ḥuqūq-e-Muṣṭafā”

The most prominent and living name among the African biographers is Qazi Ayaz Mālkī. His book “Al-Shifā Ba Ta‘rīf-e-Ḥuqūq-e-Muṣṭafā” has an important place in the books of Sīrah and also has the status of the most popular book among all kinds of people. This book is also called Kitab-e-Shifā (meaning the one who revives hearts and heals from heart diseases). The reason for writing this book was that the people were becoming oblivious to the obligatory status and virtues of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and were becoming completely incapable of paying their dues. In these circumstances, the demand for preparation and compilation of a collection of rights and manāqibs related to it became intense and he compiled this magnificent book. On the one hand, it teaches love and respect for the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and on the other hand, it mentions his rights and rewards for fulfilling them. The writing style of the book is simple and smooth as well as eloquent. The book is not so long that it would be too long for the reader to comprehend, nor is it so short that it would not be possible to get access to the concepts and demands due to its brevity. The people have made this book their favorite and have been studying it and the biographers have adopted Al-Shifā as an authoritative and reliable source. Because of its importance and usefulness, an introductory and analytical study of this book will be presented in this article.

Solitary Structures in Space Plasmas With Non-Maxwellian Electron Distributions

The objective of this study is to investigate linear and nonlinear propagation of kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) and coupled kinetic Alfven-acoustic (CKAA) waves in non Maxwellian plasmas. Theoretical frame works that employed Maxwellian, kappa and Cairns distributions could not explain observations of flat top and spiky distributions. Generalized (?, ?) distribution function encompasses both low energy and high energy parts of the observed velocity distributions and provides good quantitative fits of the observed data. KAWs has been observed to play an important role in acceleration and heating of plasma particles in space and laboratory plasmas. The study is carried out by using two-potential theory and solitary structures are obtained by applying Sagdeev potential approach. A comprehensive study has been carried out to ascertain how the formation of compressive and rarefactive solitary structures of KAWs and CKAA waves depend on the low and high energy parts of the electron distribution function. It has been shown that out results agree well with Fast and Freja observations of the nonlinear KAWs. An important feature of our study is the formation of rarefactive solitary structures. The analysis of compressive and rarefactive solitary structures of CKAA waves reveals that flat top at low energies of the electron distribution are responsible for the formation of compressive solitary structures whereas the spikes at low energies allow the formation of both compressive and rarefactive solitary structures. We have extended our investigations of CKAA waves for electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasmas, particularly highlighting the role of nonthermal electrons and positrons following generalized (?, ?) distribution. The significance of this study is to emphasize the existence of density dip solitons for spiky distribution at low energy. The relevance of the study presented in this thesis with reference to astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas has also been discussed.