Freedom of the Press: The War on Words (1977-1978)

Journalism in Pakistan has passed through successive phases of trials and tribulations. The crises journalism had to undergo since independence had their origin both in the state policies as well as the authoritarianism embedded in the society. The book under review does not claim to divulge into the societal challenges which have emerged more visibly in the last three or four decades, especially, in the context of the spread of religious extremism and ethnic and other types of militancy in the society. Studies need to be done on these aspects as well as the external factors that have had impact on the growth and the content of media. The latter has come in the garb of globalization that has greatly affected the local environment and has come to strongly affect, if not directly dictate, what the media should encompass and present. Leaving the societal and global aspects aside, the role of the state and the successive governments has a lot to offer to be written about by way of what the media has endured in the last seventy plus years. It doesn’t need too much of pondering to conclude that the major pressures over media have come from the governments who, by and large, had been quite at unease with independent flow of information, and criticism of their policies. And, unfortunately, this process had begun right after Independence when newspapers’ and periodicals’ independent voice was tried to be silenced, and they were pressurized to toe the official line with respect to domestic and foreign policies. Pakistan’s independent journey, unfortunately, began with the imposition of black laws which prohibited dissent and curtailed freedom of expression in the strongest possible manner.

Non-Newtonian Fluids Flows: Exact Analytical Solutions and Numerical Results

The main aim of this thesis is to present new exact analytical solutions for different motions of non-Newtonian fluids in which the velocity is given on one part of the boundary and the shear stress on the other part. In chapter 1 some important concepts regarding Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, differential and rate type fluids, some constitutive equations, equations of motion, and some integral transforms are discussed. Then in all the next chapters exact analytical solutions for the velocity field and the shear stress(es) corresponding to some flows in which the velocity is given on one part of the boundary and the shear stress on the other part are established for different kinds of non-Newtonian fluids as well as some fractional models. In Chapter 2 exact analytic solutions for helical flows of a second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial cylinders are established. The motion is produced by the inner cylinder that after time t = 0+ applies torsional and longitudinal oscillating shear stresses to the fluid along the common axis and the outer cylinder is at rest. The exact analytic solutions, obtained with the help of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms and presented as a sum of the steady-state and transient solutions, satisfy both the governing equations and all associated initial and boundary conditions. In the special case when α1 → 0 they reduce to the corresponding solutions for Newtonian fluids. Finally, the effect of various parameters of interest on transient parts of the velocity components, as well as a comparison between second grade and Newtonian fluids, is discussed through graphical illustration. In Chapter 3 helical flows for a Maxwell fluid between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders are studied. At time t = 0+ , the inner cylinder begins to rotate around its axis and to slide along the same axis due to torsional and longitudinal time dependent shear stresses and the outer cylinder is at rest. Exact solutions obtained with the help of the finite Hankel transform, presented in series form, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for a Newtonian fluid and large-time solutions are also obtained as limiting cases and the effect of material parameters on the large-time solutions is discussed. Finally, the influence of pertinent parameters on the velocity components and shear stresses, as well as a comparison between Maxwell and Newtonian fluids, is also analyzed by graphical illustrations. Chapter 4 deals with the study of unsteady flow of a Maxwell fluid with fractional derivative model, between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders, using Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder that, after time t = 0+ , is subject to time dependent longitudinal shear stresses and the outer cylinder is at rest. Velocity field and the adequate shear stress are presented in series form in terms of the generalized G and R functions. The solutions obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for ordinary Maxwell and Newtonian fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the fluid motion as well as a comparison between the three models is underlined by graphical illustrations. Chapter 5 concerns the unsteady flow of a generalized Burgers’ fluid, between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder that, after the initial moment, applies a longitudinal time dependent shear to the fluid and the outer cylinder is at rest. The solutions obtained by means of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms, are presented in series form in term of the usual Bessel functions, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Moreover, the corresponding solutions for Burgers’, Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, second grade and Newtonian fluids appear as special cases of the present results. For large values of t, they tend to the steady solutions that are the same for all kinds of fluids. Finally, the influence of the material parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison between models, is shown by graphical illustrations. Chapter 6 is devoted to the study of the flow of a generalized Burgers’ fluid, between two infinite coaxial cylinders. The motion is due to the inner cylinder that applies a time dependent torsional shear to the fluid and the outer cylinder is at rest. The solutions that have been obtained, presented in series form in terms of usual Bessel functions J1 (•), J2 (•), Y1 (•) and Y2 (•), satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Moreover, the corresponding solutions for Burgers’, Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, second grade, Newtonian fluids as well as large-time and transient solutions for a generalized Burgers’ fluid are also obtained as special cases of general solutions. The effect of various parameters on large-time and transient solutions of a generalized Burgers’ fluid is also discussed. Furthermore, for small values of the material parameters, λ2 and λ4 or λ1 , λ2 , λ3 and λ4 , the general solutions corresponding to generalized Burgers’ fluids tend to those for Oldroyd-B and Newtonian fluids respectively. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison between models, is shown by graphical illustrations.