محمد ثانی حسنی
ان سطروں کے لکھتے وقت مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی کے عزیز بھانجے جناب محمد ثانی حسنی کی وفات حسرت آیات کی اندوہناک خبر ملی، ان کو مولانا علی میاں اپنے فرزند کے برابر سمجھتے رہے، وہ اپنی متانت ، سنجیدگی اور خاموشی کی وجہ سے اپنے حلقہ میں بڑی قدر کی نظر سے دیکھے جاتے تھے، بڑے اچھے اہل قلم بھی تھے، ان کی کتابوں میں ایمانی حرارت و حمیت جلوہ گر رہتی تھی، ان کی وفات سے دارالمصنفین بھی سوگوار ہے، اس لیے بھی کہ یہاں جو سیمینار ہورہا ہے اس کے روح رواں مولانا علی میاں اور ان کے دست و بازو مولانا رابع ندوی تھے، جو مرحوم کے منجھلے بھائی تھے، ان کی سوگواری سے ہمارے سیمینار کی فضا بھی غم ناک رہے گی، دعا ہے کہ مرحوم کو کروٹ کروٹ جنت نعیم اور ان کے سوگوارماموں، بھائیوں اور بچوں کو صبر جمیل عطا ہو۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، فروری ۱۹۸۲ء)
Child labor has been considered the most troubling & one of the greatest problems of great concern in the modern world, since it has not only negative effects on the child himself, but also on his family & society in general. However, it is a reality that can commonly & frequently be observed in the emerging & backward nations now a day where expropriated & evicted people take their young ones to workplaces to compete with their livelihoods. This article seeks to highlight the status of child labor & its solution in the light of Qur᾽an & Sunnah as many experts and platforms have offered their own solution. The study population consisted of scholars &the teachers/A᾽ema Kerām of religious institutions (Madrasah) of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bannu, while its sample included 30 scholars & teachers/A᾽ema of different Madrasah in the Bannu District. The researcher has adopted content & methodologies of the interview from the respondents to explore this issue in detail. This study has the sole objective of: to find out solution of the Child Labour in the light of Holy Qur᾽an & Sunnah. This article summarizes the conclusion that holy religion of Muslims(Islam) strictly prohibit child labour, although allows child labour in some special cases, such as light work & character building activities which is
With the introduction of welding as joining method, the welding technology was applied as major joining technique in hi-tech industries to the welding of steels for manufacturing of different structures like pressure vessels and aerospace applications. Mostly high strength low alloy steels in thin cylindrical shell form are being used for aerospace structures due to high strength and low weight ratio. Despite being high strength and light weight by numerous advantages, the welding of thin walled structure of high strength low alloy steel (also known as HSLA Steel) comes also with a major problems of weld induced imperfections due to high temperatures like residual stresses and distortions with shortening of weld strength and it is a still major challenge for the welding professionals due to the complex nature of the welding phenomenon despite many innovations in welding technology. The most of the weld induced imperfections are the result of transient temperature distributions and subsequent cooling of the welds followed by transient and residual stress fields. Where as, the reliability of thin-walled structures used for any aerospace or pressure vessel application is on the prime importance every time for safe operational. Usually, thin walled cylindrical structures contain two types of weld as longitudinal and circumferential. The major design and industry constraints are weld strength and cost competitive. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or TIG process is mostly applied due to the excellent weld strength and cost competitiveness. The main aim of this research work is to analyze and experimentally investigate the TIG welding parameters for purpose of minimizing residual stresses and distortion with the requirements of maximizing of weld strength of thin walled structures of HSLA steel respectively. To achieve the aforementioned targets, the following strategy was applied keeping in view the complex phenomena of welding, time and cost of extensive experimentations involved. Weld experiments were subdivided into linear and circumferential welding. Initially for linear welding, TIG welding parameters were analyzed to determine their significance on thin plates of HSLA steel of different thicknesses (3 to 5 mm) by following design of experiments (DOE) with employing 2-level full factorial and response surface method (RSM) designs to have response (weld strength, distortion & residual stress). Whereas for circumferential welding, a hybrid numerical simulation and experimental based analysis approach was employed to model and predict TIG welding process to investigate the transient temperature distributions, transient/residual stress fields and distortion for circumferentially welded thin-walled cylinders of HSLA steel. The simulations strategy was developed and implemented by using commercial available general purpose finite element software ANSYS® enhanced with subroutines. First thermal analysis was completed followed by a separate mechanical analysis based on the thermal history. From the three dimensional FE model developed for TIG welding process of circumferential welding, a series of virtual welding experiments based on statistical designs (DOE) were performed for response (residual stresses and distortion) with different thicknesses by using full factorial and RSM as applied for linear welding. The effects of following six parameters, four numeric and two categorical: welding current, welding voltage, welding speed, sheet/cylinder thickness and trailing (Ar) & weld type (linear and circumferential) were investigated upon following three performance measures: weld strength, residual stresses and distortions for different thicknesses of material of HSLA steel. The experimental results were analyzed using ANOVA and significance of effects of all the tested parameters upon performance measures was determined. Empirical models for weld strength, distortion and residual stresses, in terms of significant parameters, were also developed and numerical optimization was performed according to the desirability for the maximization of weld strength and minimization of distortion & residual stresses. All the statistical analyses were performed by using commercial available statistical software Design-Expert® and MINITAB®. From the results of post-experimental analyses, it was noticed that the effects of welding current, welding voltage and welding speed upon weld strength, residual stresses and distortion are extremely significant, while the effect of trailing and weld type is also considerably significant with respect to material thicknesses. The residual stresses are highly sensitive to heat input (weld temperatures). The residual stresses and distortion in circumferential welding are low as compared to linear welding for the same welding parameters and material thickness respectively. The vital recommendation, in this regard, is to use the parameters of welding resulting low input heat (low current, low voltage and high speed) with application of trailing with respect to material thicknesses for the maximum weld strength and minimum residual stresses and distortion in thin walled structures of HSLA steel. For the trade-off among aforementioned opposing targets and for prediction of values of performance measures at different settings of TIG welding parameters, the expert system tool, employing fuzzy reasoning mechanism, was utilized. Initially, an expert system was developed for the optimization of parameters according to objectives of maximization and/or minimization of weld strength, distortion and residual stresses. The expert system also provided the predicted values of various performance measures based upon the finalized values of the welding parameters. The analyses, simulations, experimental and ANOVA results were utilized for the making of fuzzy rule-base. The fuzzy rule-base was adjusted for maximum accuracy by employing the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. In the next stage, a machine learning (ML) technique was utilized for creation of a expert system, named as EXWeldHSLASteel, that can: self-retrieve and self-store the experimental data; automatically develop fuzzy sets for numeric variables involved; automatically generate rules for optimization and prediction rule-bases; resolve the conflict among contradictory rules; and automatically update the interface of expert system according to newly introduced TIG welding process variables. The algorithms for these constituents were coded using a pointer-enabled language in C++. The coding involves a data structure named as doubly linked list, which provide the means for fast and efficient processing. The presented expert system is used for deciding the values of important welding process parameters as per objective before the start of actual welding process on shop floor. The user should be absolutely clear about the nature and requirements of any given TIG welding process, e.g., the setting parameters, fixed parameters, and geometric parameters etc. The expert system developed in the domain of welding for optimizing welding process of thin walled HSLA steel structure possesses all capabilities to adapt effectively to the unpredictable and continuously changing industrial environment of mechanical fabrication and manufacturing and to serve the newly emerging field of knowledge management by transforming individual (expert) organizational knowledge i.e. implicit to explicit knowledge.
