سیالکوٹ کی ادبی فضا کو نکھارنے میں ادبی تحریکات اور تنظیموں نے بڑا اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔سکاچ مشن سکول کی لڑیری سو سائٹی کے بعد ’’انجمن پنجاب سیالکوٹ‘‘ نے علمی و ادبی سر گرمیوں کی آبیاری کی ۔انجمن پنجاب لاہور کی طرز پر ۱۸۶۶ء میں سیالکوٹ ،حصارا وردہلی میں انجمنیں قائم ہوئیں۔رشیدنیازؔ کی تحقیق کے مطابق سیالکوٹ کی پہلی ادبی تنظیم ۱۸۹۰ء میں قائم ہوئی۔وہ اس حوالے سے یوں رقم طراز ہیں:
سیالکوٹ کی سر زمین میں سب سے پہلی بزم ’’دائرۃ الا دب‘‘ تھی۔یہ تنظیم ۱۸۹۰ء میں معرض وجود میں آئی۔(۹۹)
تحقیق سے یہ بات ثابت ہے کہ دائرۃ الا دب سے بھی پہلے سیالکوٹ میں ادبی تنظیمیں موجود تھیں ۔جوادب کی ترقی میں کوشاں تھیں۔سطور بالا میں مشن سکول اور کالج کی لڑیری سوسائٹی اور انجمن پنجاب سیالکوٹ کا وجود بزم دائرۃ الادب سے پہلے کا ثابت ہوتا ہے۔
ماضی میں سیالکوٹ میں متعدد ادبی تنظیمیں ادب کی خدمت میں سر گرم رہی ہیں۔ان ادبی تنظیموں کے ذکر کے ساتھ ساتھ گذشتہ بیسویں صدی کی سیالکوٹ کی ادبی تاریخ بھی ہمارے سامنے آتی ہے۔ماضی میں سیالکوٹ میں جوادبی انجمنیں فعال اور متحرک رہی ہیں ان میں بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر،انجمن ترقی پسند مصنفین،انجمن آزاد خیال مصنفین ،رائٹر ز گلڈ،حلقہ ارباب ذوق،بزمِ افکار،بزمِ فروغ اردو،بزمِ فکر وطن اور بزم ِاحباب قابل ذکر ہیں ۔یہ تنظیمیں اپنے اپنے وقت میں سیالکوٹ میں ادبی سر گرمیوں میں مصروف رہی ہیں۔ان تنظیموں میں سے اہم تنظیموں کا مختصر تعارف دلچسپی سے خالی نہیں۔
۱۔بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر:
بزمِ اردو جموں و کشمیر ۱۹۳۲ء میں سری نگر میں قائم ہوئی۔پہلے اس تنظیم کانام ’’بزمِ سخن‘‘ تھا۔۱۹۳۷ء میں مولانا علیم الدین سالک کی تحریک پر اس کانام ’’بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر‘‘ رکھا...
Education is a very important aspect of human life. Muslims were strongly believed on Religious Education. It was considered mandatory for spiritually life here in this world and here after. This article “Research Study of Religious Education Trends in the Prophet (PBUH) Era” introduces the concept of “education” with its definition from Oxford Dictionary and by Muslims philosophers. The “Education System” is also defined with its main components and its objectives in the light of sayings by various Muslim intellectuals. Then, the education system in the Prophet (PBUH) Era is discussed in detail. The role of Prophet (PBUH) and his companions and their effects are also discussed. It also studies the main objectives of Religious Education, its curriculum, the role of Mosque and the relation between teacher and student. Lastly, the current education system of Pakistan is analyzed critically and a few suggestions are given to make it a better one.
Germin like proteins (GLPs) are member of a large gene family and ubiquitously expressed as plant proteins. The exact mode of action and role in metabolism is not well understood. It is believed that these putative stress proteins are expressed at various developmental stages in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The present study was designed to clone full length and 5'' abbreviated Oryza sativa Root expressed GLP2 (OsRGLP2) promoter, its genetic transformation into Arabidopsis and characterization. Cloning of full length and 5'' abbreviated OsRGLP2 promoters was carried out by employing GATEWAY™ Technology. Amplification was performed by specific primers designed on the promoter region. Recombinant entry clones were created by using pENTR/D-TOPO® cloning kit. Expression vectors were prepared by employing LR recombination reaction between recombinant entry clones and promoter less destination vector pHGWFS7. Confirmation was carried out by PCR and sequencing. Recombinant expression vectors were named as pNSS-F1 (Full length promoter) and pNSS-F2, pNSS-F3 and pNSS-F4 (5'' deleted promoters). Plant transformation into Arabidopsis was carried out by Agrobacterium mediated floral dip method. T0 and T1 lines were established and transgenic plants were analyzed by molecular and physiological approaches. T1 transgenic lines for each promoter constructs were selected through GUS assay and tested for wound, salt and temperature stresses. Real-time PCR was performed by using two sets of primers, Actin (Housekeeping gene) and GFP (Gene of Interest). Real-time PCR analysis was done by employing 2-ΔΔCt method in which data was normalized by software inbuilt in the real-time PCR system by taking calibrator or untreated sample value xxi as 1. The graphical data shows the times fold increase or decrease in the expression with comparison with untreated control samples. Expression analysis revealed that OsRGLP2 promoter is efficient and specific to wound, salt and temperature stresses. When comparison was done between full length and 5'' deleted promoters, the promoter named pNSS-F3 of 565 bp along with other two larger promoter pNSS-F1 and pNSS-F2 of sizes 1063 bp and 776 bp respectively were responding to all stresses applied during this study. However, when a further deletion was made and shortest promoter pNSS-F4 was created which comprises of 283 bp size, unable to respond against stresses applied. So it can be concluded from present study that during 5'' deletion of full length OsRGLP2 promoter (creation of pNSS-F4), a critical region between P-565 and P-283 on promoter fragment was deleted which contain promoter elements necessary to respond against certain stresses like wound stress, salt stress and temperature stress. While during other deletions (in case of pNSS-F2 and pNSS-F3) in which when the critical part was intact, the promoter responded to applied stresses. It can be further concluded that pNSS-F3 is a good replacement for full length promoter. Due to smaller size of pNSS-F3 promoter (565 bp) and it‟s efficient and specific response against abiotic stresses it can be fused with other promoter and used in combination against certain abiotic or biotic stresses.