اہل بدعت سے تحدیث و سماع کا حکم: علامہ احمد شاکر کی آراء کا اختصاصی مطالعہ

Allama Ahmad Shakir was a great researcher and has a good command on religious literatures and studies. In his era, he took a great place among the scholars as a specialist in hadith, Islamic jurisprudence, Quranic interpretation, history & principals of aforementioned Subjecta. Now, he is recognized as an authority on principalities of sciences of hadith and jurisprudence. He discussed in his books regarding Sciences of hadith about narrators of hadith which are called ahl e bid‘at and the status of their Ahad?th. Because, there is a huge conflict between many principalities in perspective of accepting their Ahad?th or rejecting them. In this article, based an analytical study, some of his major and innovent concepts and justified principals about ahl e bid‘at are discussed which he had presented in his books or shows his research methodologies in different books with a special study on al-musnad by Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal (r.a). The research shows his viewpoints regarding this kind of narrators that they are, with some conditions, acceptable and their Ahad?th are also should be narrated. Although, some ancient scholars do not allow with primarily conditions, which are described in this study along with their status & conditions.

Document Clustering Based on Semantic Notions

The exponential growth of electronic documents, in both proprietary and public information systems, pose new challenges in finding relevant information from these large repositories. Document clustering is a specialized technique that has found its niche in effectively browsing, filtering, managing and summarizing these collections. Document clustering process has three distinct steps: (i) document representation, (ii) computation of pair-wise document similarity, and (iii) application of clustering algorithm. Document clustering methods are very sensitive to document representation schemes. Conventionally, document representations are based on extracting simple features such as terms/n-grams/frequent words/sequences from the documents that can be used as meta-descriptors for documents. These features reduce the dimensionality of the problem but simply fail to capture the semantics of the text in a transformed compact representation. These representations completely ignore the order and relationships among words/features. Documents written in human languages generally contain a context and use of words are mainly dependent on the same context. Motivated by this a novel document representation scheme that first extracts lexical chains from the documents and exploits topic maps structure for the lexical chains is proposed. The scheme takes advantage of lexical cohesion structure along with topic map relationships to get a semantic based representation of document. Topic Maps (TM) is an international standard for codification of knowledge. Moreover, a good similarity measure is essential for the clustering task. The similarity function should make use of semantic relationship among features (lexical topics) to provide a viable clue for relatedness between any pair of documents. A similarity function based on lexical chain similarity and frequent common tree patterns extracted from the topic maps of documents is defined. Hence these patterns (hierarchical lexical topics with different granularity) also inherently capture semantics in similarity calculation. An extensive set of experiments on four publicly available document datasets is performed. The evaluation measures like F-score, purity and entropy clearly established that the proposed approach is better than traditional document clustering approaches.