Authoritative Position of Investor and Scope of Liability in Modarabah Contract: Classical and Contemporary Jurists Perspective

The position of investor is always questioned once capital is handed over to a working partner (Mudarib). The concerns of investor along with series of liabilities cannot be ignored because Modarabah losses are always transferred or born by him/her. The study highlights the authoritative position of Investor and suggests that investor has full access to impose conditions on Mudarib to safeguard his interest as per shariah rulings. The study debates investor’s position to impose geographical restrictions to restrict the scope of trade, trade policy of working partner (Mudarib) and fixation of time.  Besides, the study discourses the concept of limited liability in context of Islamic law where creditors hold right to personal wealth of the debtors.

Seasonal Biodiversity of Braconidae Hymenoptera in Citrus Orchards of Sargodha, Pakistan

Citrus is one of the important fruit grown in Punjab, particularly in Sargodha region. Its export plays a vital role in Pakistan‟s economy. However it is adeversely affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, a large number of insect pests attack on citrus crop even before flowering to fruit formation which ultimately results in decreased fruit production and poor juice contents. A large number of insecticides are used to control citrus insect pests but their indiscriminate use causes environmental pollution, primary pest outbreak, secondary pest resurgence and development of resistance against insecticides. Therefore, to overcome the ill-effects of insecticides, there is a need to design a widespread integrated pest management strategy. In nature, different natural enemies play a vital role in the reduction of citrus insect pest‟s population. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens are used for biological control of different insect pests. Several natural enemies attack on various prey or host species while few are host specific such as parasitoids. Most of the parasitoids belong to family Braconidae of order Hymenoptera which contains large number of parasitoid species that successfully control several important plant pests. This family comprises of 44-47 subfamilies and about 1000 genera with over 40,000 species that are widely distributed all over the world. Prevalence of more number of species in district Sargodha provided us basic information about the efficiency of parasitoids as biocontrol agent. In this study, braconids fauna from different localities of Sargodha region were explored, with particular reference to citrus orchards. For this purpose different kinnow orchards in selected localities were selected for the collection of parasitoids and their mummies. The parasitoids were identified under the microscope using taxonomic keys. Confusing species of parasitoids were further identified by their DNA sequences. Diversity index (Simpson) method was used to find the most prevalent species in each tehsil of district Sargodha.