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Home > Genomic Comparison of Rhizobium Species Using in Silico Aflp-Pcr Endonuclease Restrictions and Ampylating Enzymes

Genomic Comparison of Rhizobium Species Using in Silico Aflp-Pcr Endonuclease Restrictions and Ampylating Enzymes

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Muhammad Amjad Qureshi

Institute

Virtual University of Pakistan

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Software Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://vspace.vu.edu.pk/detail.aspx?id=107

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676720968618

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Characterizing genomic differences at species level is key to understand evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships, morphological and functional diversities and, above all, meaningful and precise taxonomic classifications. The techniques widely used in molecular biology like Amplified fragment length polymorphism-PCR (AFLP-PCR), endonuclease restrictions followed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis are the techniques mainly used to differentiate species of microbes for many years. These techniques are very useful in determining genomic differences arisen from point mutations, insertion-deletions and inversions. These differences may represent functional dissimilarities in studied organisms. AMPylation enzymes might reveal the changes occurring in proteome of organisms having similar genomes that may further explain the functional diversity of these organisms. The whole genome sequences of nine Rhizobium species were evaluated with different in-silico molecular techniques such as AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restrictions and AMPylating enzymes diversity for genome comparison. The entire genome sequences of Rhizobium species were retrieved from NCBI and aligned with Progressive Mauve and visualizedas Phylogenetic tree.The AFLP-PCR was carried out in-silico from the insilico.ehu.es, different combinations of restriction enzymes with different nucleotides to generate the AFLP bands to draw phylogeny. Different set of restriction enzymes were used for Restriction Digest and PFGE in silico for scoring of binary scores and analyzed. The post-translational modification (PTM) and ampylating enzymes diversity from the proteome of Rhizobium species were determined from novPTMenzy. The phylogenetic treesbased on AFLP-PCR and PFGE were compared with the tree on whole genome basis and slight variations were observed in the AFLP and PFGE based trees. Results clearly demonstrated the presence of PTM?s i.e. AMPylation, Hydroxylation, Sulfation and Deamidation with their specific domains (ampylating enzymes) GS-ATasE (GlnE), Fic, Doc (Phosphorylation); Aspargine_hydroxylase, Collagen_prolyl_lysyl_hydroxylase; Sulfotransferase and CNF (Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors), respectively were observed in different Rhizobium species. The results pertaining to post translational modifications are discussed with relation to functional diversities reported in these species.
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استاد کی عظمت

استاد کی عظمت
اللہ تعالیٰ نے اس کائنات کو تخلیق فرمایا پھر اس کی تزئین و آرائش کے لیے اس میں پہاڑوں ، گلستانوں، میدانوں ، سمندروں ، ندیوں اور نالوں کو وجود بخشا، آبشاروں کی کھڑکھڑاہٹ پیدا فرمائی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ سے اس کے حسن میں چار چاند لگائے۔
اللہ تعالیٰ نے بنی نوع انسان کی اصلاح کے لیے مختلف اوقات میں مختلف زبانوں میں مختلف قوموں میں مختلف انبیاء کرام کو مبعوث فرمایا یہ سلسلہ چلتا رہا یہاں تک کہ نبی آخر النبین حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم تشریف لائے اور پھر نبوت کا دروازہ بند کر دیا گیا اور کام علماء کرام کے سپرد ہوا اور علماء کرام میں اساتذہ جو مدرس ہونے کے ناطے عظیم منصب پر فائز ہوتے ہیں انھوں نے اس فریضہ کو بڑے احسن طریقے سے سرانجام دینا شروع کر دیا اور عوام النّاس کی اصلاح کے لیے مستعد رہے۔
شیخِ مکتب ہے اک عمارت گر
جس کی صنعت ہے روحِ انسانی
اگر بنظر غائر مشاہد ہ کیا جائے تو استاد کی حیثیت، اہمیت اور مقام مسلم ہے، کیونکہ استاد ہی نونہالانِ قوم کی تعلیم و تربیت کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، استاد ہی قوم کے نوجوانوں کو علوم وفنون سے آراستہ و پیراستہ کرتا اور اس قابل بناتا ہے کہ وہ ملک وقوم کی گرانبار ذمہ داریوں سے عہدہ برآ ہوسکیں۔ استاد جہاں نوجوانوں کی اخلاقی و روحانی تربیت کرتا ہے وہاں وہ اُن کی مختلف علمی ،سائنسی، فنی ، اور پیشہ ورانہ مہارتوں کا سامان بھی کرتا ہے، والدین بچے کی جسمانی پرورش کرتے ہیں، جبکہ استاد کے ذمے بچے کی روحانی تربیت ہوتی ہے، اس لحاظ سے استاد کی حیثیت اور اہمیت والدین سے کسی طرح کم نہیں بلکہ ایک لحاظ سے ان سے بڑھ کر ہے، کیونکہ روح کو جسم پر فوقیت حاصل...

خواتین كی ملازمت تعلیمات اسلامی كی روشنی میں

Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of New Ferrocene Based Guanidines

Four series of trisubstituted ferrocenyl guanidines g(1-18), h (1-18), i (1-6) & j (1-6) of general formula [RC6H5CONC(HN''C6H4C5H4FeC5H5)(HN''''C6H5R1)] where R=3-Cl and R1= H, 3- CF3, 4-CF3, 4-NO2, 4-CH3, 2-CH3, 2,6-C2H5, 2-OCH3, 3-OCH3, 2-Cl, 2,3- (Cl)2, 2,4- (Cl)2, 2,5- (Cl)2, 2,6- (Cl)2, 3,4- (Cl)2, 3,5- (Cl)2, 2,4,5- (Cl)3, 2,4- (Br)2 have been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H and C) NMR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometery and cyclic voltammeter. Single crystal XRD was used for structural elucidation of some of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines. Based on the single crystal X-ray analysis most of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidine have been stabilized by intermolecular as well as intramolecular hydrogen bonding and possesses interesting supramolecular chemistry having cylindrical cavities and empty spaces. In addition, a tetra substituted ferrocenyl guanidine (N-isopropyl-N-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)-N''-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N''''-benzoyl guanidine) has also been synthesized and fully characterized. The preliminary investigation of the anticancer potency of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines has been carried out by determining their ability to bind with DNA and by the free radical scavenging activity. The DNA interaction studies performed by cyclic voltammetry and UV-Visible spectroscopy are in close agreement with the binding constants K (0.79 - 5.4) ×105 M-1 (CV) and (0.72 - 5.1) ×105 M-1 (UV-Visible). The results reveal that the ferrocenyl guanidines have strong binding ability with DNA as compared to the guanidines having no ferrocene. The presence of ferrocene is concluded to enhance the DNA binding activity of guanidines. This may be due to the fact that in the presence of ferrocene the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen extended to Cp ring of ferrocene due to which the nitrogen become more polarized, stable and favorable for electrostatically bind with negatively charged DNA. The binding constants results show that the compounds having ferrocene at para position have slightly larger binding constants values as compared to the meta-ferrocenyl guanidines. This may be due to more delocalization of electron when the Cp ring of ferrocene is at para position. The compounds having electron withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring also have higher binding constant values as compared to those compounds having electron donating groups. This may also be due to the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen on phenyl ring and making the nitrogen more polar. The free radical scavenging potentials of the selected synthesizes compounds was determined on a UV-Visible spectrophotometer by using DPPH as a free radical. The activity of ferrocene incorporated guanidines was found to be higher than guanidines without ferrocene. The compounds which have electron withdrawing groups showed an increase in the free radical scavenging potency. This might be due to the stabilization of resulting guanidine free radical in the presence of electronegative groups. Antimicrobial activities of the selective synthesized compounds were tested against five representatives, gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugnosa and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherchia coli) bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. Three fungal strains, fusarium moniliforme, aspergillus fumigates, aspergillus flavus were tested by using well diffusion method. The results revealed that the compounds having ferrocene and electron withdrawing groups showed moderate to good antibacterial activity as compared to the standard drug penicillin used. Significant antifungal activity was observed against aspergillus flavus and good against fusarium moniliforme and aspergillus fumigatus. The antifungal activity of these compounds was found comparable with the standard drug used (Terbinafin). Other compounds having electron donating groups were found to have a moderate or less activity against the tested bacteria and fungi. Exact mechanism of the structure-activity relationship was not yet developed but this might be due to a decrease in basicity, in turn an increase in the lipophilicity of the compounds in the presence of ferrocene and electron withdrawing substituents. Lipophilic compounds have more penetrating power across the cell membrane.