موضوع 5:زبان اور بولی میں فرق
زبان:
زبان خیالات و احساسات کا ذریعہ اظہار ہے۔جذبات و احساسات کی شکل زبان ہے اس کا کام لفظوں اور فقروں کے توسط سے ان کے ذہنی مفہوم و دلائل اور ان کے عام خیالات کی ترجمانی کرنا ہے۔زبان بولیوں کے مجموعے کا نام ہے۔
بولی :
بولی کسی زبان کی وہ ذیلی شاخ ہے جس کے بولنے والوں کو زبان کے کسی اختلاف کا احساس نہیں ہوتا البتہ کسی زبان کی ایک بولی بولنے والوں کو اسی زبان کی دوسری بولی کے تلفظ کے فرق کا احساس ہوتا ہے۔ہر زبان کا ہر بولی کا مخصوص انداز ہوتا ہے زبان چشمے کی حیثیت رکھتی ہے اور بولی اس سے پھوٹنے والی نہریں۔بولی ایک ایسی زبان ہے جو کسی علاقے میں رائج ہوتی ہے اس کی کوئی ادبی حیثیت نہیں ہوتی۔ زبان جس قدر وسیع ہو گی اس کی بولیاں بھی اسی قدر وسیع ہو گی۔ بولی عام فہم زبان ہے جو ہم مقامی لوگوں سے سیکھتے ہیں ایک بولی بولنے والے عام طور پر ایک زبان استعمال کرتے ہیں ہر علاقے کی بولی کا مخصوص انداز ہوتا ہے۔
تلفظ کا اختلاف:
بولی قواعد و ضوابط سے آزاد ہوتی ہے بولیوں میں لفظ کی ادائیگی میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے مختلف علاقوں میں مختلف بولیاں بولی جاتی ہیں۔بعض بولیاں ترقی کرکے زبان کا منصب حاصل کر لیتی ہے اور بعض جگہوں پر صرف بولی بن کر رہ جاتی ہے۔ ہمارے ملک میں قبائلی علاقے ہیں جو غیر متمدن ہیں وہاں نقل مکانی کے مواقع کم ہوتے ہیں ان کے تلفظ میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے۔
زبان کا نظام:
ہر زبان اپنا نظام رکھتی ہے۔ یہ مختلف عناصر پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے قواعد و ضوابط ہوتے ہیں مثلا صرف و نحو اس میں وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ تبدیلیاں آتی رہتی ہیں۔...
Allama Ghulam Rasool Saeedi was a great Muslim scholar of Pakistan. He served the Muslim Ummah more than 79 years. He taught Quran & sunnah for more than five decades. He made his great research work on Quranic Tafaseer, Hadith literature and Islamic jurisprudence. One of his distinction is his work on difference of opinion with the scholar of past and present also. As we know difference of opinion is the basic component of human nature and instinct. Allama Saeedi worked on this difference in his work in honorable manners and ethics. He tried to minimize the sectarianism. This article aims to discuss the contribution of Allama saeedi in this regard.
Theoretical Analysis of Dynamic Behaviors in Liquid Chromatography The chromatographic techniques are used on laboratory and industrial scales for the sepa- ration of substances that under the traditional processes, such as distillation or extraction, are neither technically nor economically feasible. It is an important separation technique in the petrochemical industry and becomes more and more exploited in fine chemical, phar- maceutical and biotechnical industries. For instance, this attractive technology is used to separate chiral molecules, enzymes, sugar and to purify proteins or to produce insulin. This thesis project is concerned with the analytical and numerical solutions of three stan- dard liquid chromatographic models namely, the equilibrium dispersive model (EDM), the lumped kinetic model (LKM) and the general rate model (GRM). Each model consid- ers different levels of complexities to describe the process. These models are systems of convection-diffusion partial differential equations with dominating convective terms and coupled through differential or algebraic equations. The Laplace transformation is applied to derive the analytical solutions of the EDM and LKM considering the special case of single-component linear adsorption isotherm, contin- uous or finite width pulse injections, two different sets of boundary conditions and fully porous particles. For further analysis of the solute transport behavior, the analytical tem- poral moments are derived from the Laplace-transformed solutions and are compared with the numerical solutions of a semi-discrete high resolution finite volume scheme (HR-FVS). For nonlinear adsorption isotherms, numerical techniques are the only tools to provide solu- tions. However, the strong nonlinearities of realistic thermodynamic functions pose major difficulties for the numerical schemes. For that reason, computational efficiency and accu- racy of the numerical methods are highly important. The suggested HR-FVS is extended to approximate these nonlinear model equations. The numerical results of the suggested HR-FVS are compared with some other finite volume schemes available in the literature. Different case studies are considered covering a wide range of mass transfer kinetics. The results obtained verified the correctness of analytical results and accuracy of the suggested HR-FVS. An interesting aspect of this thesis project is the application of GRM to fixed-bed chro- matographic columns packed with core-shell or fully porous particles. Due to their proven performance and improved availability, core-shell particles are increasingly applied for chro- matographic separations. Such particles are useful for highly efficient and fast separation of complex samples with a reasonably low back pressure. Cored beads provide advantages over fully porous beads, such as reduced diffusional mass transfer resistances in particle macropores and separation times. The concept has improved column efficiency by shorten- ing the diffusion path that molecules have to travel and thus, has improved the diffusional mass transfer kinetics in particle macropores. Once again, both single-component linear and multi-component nonlinear GRM models are considered. The above mentioned ana- lytical and numerical solution techniques are applied to solve the model equations. The potential of the solutions is demonstrated by considering different case studies that quan- tify the effects of the relative core size, axial dispersion, film mass transfer resistance and intraparticle diffusion resistance in the porous layer on the elution curves.