اردو میں ہائیکو کا آغاز و ارتقا
محمد حسنین عسکری
وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ ادب میں بھی تبدیلیاں رونما ہوتی رہتی ہیں۔ کسی بھی ترقی یافتہ زبان کی علامات میں سے اہم ترین علامت یہ ہوتی ہے کہ اس میں نئے الفاظ وجود پاتے ہیں اور پرانے الفاظ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ متروک ہوتے جاتے ہیں۔ اگر دیکھا جائے تو بہت سی ایسی زبانیں آج ناپید ہو چکی ہیں جو کسی زمانے میں خاص اہمیت و فوقیت رکھتی تھیں۔ تاریحِ السنہ کے مطابق عبرانی دنیا کی سب سے قدیم زبان ہے مگر آج وہ تقریبا ًناپید ہو چکی ہے۔ اسی طرح سنسکرت کا ایک وقت میں ہندوستان پر عروج رہا مگر آج وہ بھی تقریبا ًختم ہو چکی ہے۔ اردو زبان نے نہایت سرعت سے ترقی کی اورکم وقت میں دنیا کی ترقی یافتہ زبانوں کی صف میں شامل ہو گئی۔ اردو شاعری ہو یا نثر دونوں کی اصناف پر خاطر خواہ کام ہو چکا ہے ۔لا تعداد تحقیقی موضوعات سامنے آچکے ہیں تنقید ہو یا تحقیق ،تخلیق ہو یا لسانیات ،اردو زبان کا دامن ہر ایک سے لبریز ہے۔
نثر کے ساتھ ساتھ اردو شاعری کی تمام اصناف بھی تحقیقی میدان میں زیر موضوع رہیں۔ ان میں مختلف زبانوں کی اصناف کو بھی شامل کیا گیا مثلا سانیٹ اور ہائیکو وغیرہ۔ ان اصناف سے اس زبان کی وسعت اضافہ ہوا۔ البتہ شاعری کی کچھ اصناف ابھی تک ایسی موجود ہیں جن میں تحقیق کی ضرورت ہے ان میں ایک صنف ہائیکو ہے یہ دراصل جاپانی صنف ہے جو کہ اردو زبان میں وارد ہوئی۔
ہائیکو کا آغاز آٹھویں صدی عیسوی میں ہوا(1)۔
اگر دیکھا جائے تو قران کریم کی "سورۃالکوثر "ہائیکو کی بہترین مثال پیش کرتی ہے
آغاز میں اسے مختلف ناموں سے پکارا جاتا رہا مثلا چوکا، واکا، تنکا، اورینگا (2)وغیرہ
واکا ہائیکو کی سب...
Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims. There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.
The traditional plants occupy fundamental place for the fulfillment of healthcare needs in developing countries. The current study was aimed to purify and characterize bioactive leads from a medicinal folklore, Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Initially, total fifteen extracts were prepared from dried powdered plant material in different solvent systems using ultra sonication aided maceration. These extracts were evaluated to reconnoiter phytochemical and biological (i.e., antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory) attributes. Existence of huge amounts of polyphenols was confirmed in methanol extract (via RP-HPLC analysis) along with highly promising antioxidant and protein kinase inhibitory activities and moderate α-amylase inhibitory, antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential. Therefore, methanol was selected as the most suitable solvent for bulk extraction. Afterwards, the preparative extract (ABCM) was partitioned through solvent-solvent extraction and the resultant main fractions (i.e., ABH, ABE and ABW) were processed through various chromatographic procedures by simultaneously gauging their activities against antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic assays. AB1 was isolated from its ABH fraction with prominent α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 119.4±0.22 µg/ml). AB2, AB3, AB4 and AB5 were isolated from ABE fraction. AB2 gave moderate protein kinase inhibitory potential (i.e., 7.67±0.58 mm bald zone of inhibition). AB3 and AB4 manifested good cytotoxic potential (with LC50 111.52±0.24 and 78.56±0.53 µg/ml respectively) while AB4 also showed good free radical scavenging (with IC50 10.4±0.32 µg/ml) and α-amylase inhibitory potential (with IC50 134±0.56 µg/ml). Magnificent total antioxidant and reducing activities (i.e., 182.8±0.72 and 760.12±0.64 µg AAE/mg compound respectively) were shown by AB5. The ABW fraction resulted in AB6 with moderate cytotoxic potential (with LC50 183.42±0.57 µg/ml). X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic studies characterized AB1, AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5 and AB6 as 2, 3dihydroxy propyl palmitate, ajugarin I, apigenin, luteolin, ajugarin VI and 8-Oacetylharpagide respectively. In vivo activities including antiinflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant and anticoagulant were designed for further confirmation of the above said activities at compound level. The results revealed high dose (HD, 20 mg/kg) of AB2, AB3 and AB6 to be potent antiinflammatory agents with values ranging between 70-90% edema inhibitions. AB1, AB2 and AB6 showed excellent analgesic behavior with > 90% increment in pain threshold whereas HD and LD (low dose, 10 mg/kg) of AB2 showed maximum antidepressant activity in the range of 90-100 seconds. The remarkable anticoagulant profile (with 143±4.77 seconds for blood coagulation) was shown by HD of AB6. On the basis of previous hepatoprotective reports from the subject plant, the most abundant compound, AB2 was selected for confirmation of hepatoprotective and renoprotective aspects using in vivo CCl4 toxicity model. Endogenous antioxidants i.e. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathioneS-transferase and reduced glutathione were revitalized with HD (4 mg/kg) of AB2 exhibiting the activity levels of 4.54±0.39, 4.22±0.41 and 9.02±0.79 U/min, 18.97±1.79 nM/min/mg protein and 20.3±1.7 nM/mg protein respectively. Reduced serum levels of hepatic as well as renal markers i.e. alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (with 43.7±0.21, 37.2±0.13 and 201.3±0.029 U/l respectively), urea and creatinine (with 24.07±0.19 and 0.98±0.11 mg/dl respectively) were observed with HD of AB2. The lipid profile also showed ameliorative effects for serum triglycerides and cholesterol (i.e., 104±0.34 and 147.2±0.03 mg/dl respectively) at HD. Abnormalities in histoarchitecture of both the organs were curbed by HD of the compound indicating its regenerative properties. In principle, the aforementioned findings endorses A. bracteosa as a substantial source of bioactive leads with marvelous pharmacological spectrum.