Fenvalerate, a commercially available pyrethroid insecticide, was tested for embryo toxic effects in chick. Different aqueous concentrations of fenvalerate, (0.1 and 0.05 ?g/ml) were injected in albumin of eggs on seventh day of incubation. Recoveries were made at 14th and 20th day of incubation. At 14 and 20 days, morphological studies revealed concentration dependent adverse effects of the insecticide. The developmental effects were loss in weight, reduction in crown rump length and short beak while eyes development showed no observable effects. The present study indicates that fenvalerate, is potentially dangerous to avian development even at very low dose concentrations. It is quite apparent that this insecticide must be used with utmost care and according to well think out plan. Fertilizers e.g. fenvalerate are the important factor for improving soil fertility and crop production. Insects/pests cause serious damage to crops. A common practice to use insecticide/pesticides for the inhibition of these insect/pest populations while maintain the agro-ecosystem. These chemicals are quite dangerous to human health and also cause destruction of non-target species most importantly poultry species present in the ecosystem. The toxic effects of these insecticide e.g. fenvalerate sometimes cause the lethality and mostly cause the developmental disorder thereby presenting economic loss to the farmers. The well-defined concentration of fenvalerate insecticide and their use for the soil productivity is of great importance as it can affect the other species present in that ecosystem and in rural areas the domestic chicken. The economic loss is also associated with it since the abnormal growth of chicken can lead to lethality causing the loss to the chicken breeders and farmers. The highly toxic effects of fenvalerate on the non-targets organisms provides base for the more investigation on the effects of fenvalerate on other different non-target organisms such as fish and avian species. The statistical hypothesis of the present study was found significantly associated with respect to the parameters of morphological abnormalities in chicken (loss in weight, reduction in crown rump length and short beak).
In "Fath-ur-Rehman Fi Ithbāt-e-Madhab al-Naumān", Shaykh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehalvi collected Ahadith supporting the religion and sect of Imam Abu Hanifa (R.A) and described the differences of the jurists and gave preference to Hanafi School of thought. He has proved through this book that Imam’s sect is in accordance with the Sahih Ahadith and while removing the accusations leveled against Imam Abu Hanifa, he declared that these are the issues on which the contrariness of the hadith was accused but irony of the situation is that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is following the hadith while other jurists explicitly base their intellect and conjecture and the style of the book shows that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is the absolute doer of hadith and Imam Shafi (R.A) uses conjecture and opinion. Moreover, Author speaks on the authenticity of the hadiths which not only support him but also give comfort and consolation to the opposing party. This great book of Hazrat Shaykh Muhaddith (R.A) is unique and unique in its importance, infrequency, style of reasoning, research issues, preference of religion, and hadiths supporting Hazrat Imam Azam Abu Hanifa (R.A) which opens new chapters of coming research. In the said article, an analytical study of his book "Fath-ur-Rehman fi Asbat-e-Madhhab-e-Noman" will be presented which will expose the reality of Imam Abu Hanifa's accusation of being against the hadith and this great effort of Sheikh Abdul Haq will also be brought to light.
In recent era plant derived antioxidants have gained vital importance to cure various skin disorders such as, acne, hyper-pigmentation, inflammation, aging and dry skin. As synthetic antioxidants have many adverse effects, the current study aimed to develop and stabilizes a carrier system in the form of topical oil-in-water emulgels; loaded with various fruit extracts i.e. Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry; their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation on human volunteer‘s facial skin. Fruit extracts of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were effectively prepared. Free radical scavenging activities of three fruit extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total flavonoids and phenolic contents of these extracts were also determined quantitatively. Stable antioxidant emulgels; E1 (Strawberry), E2 (Blackberry) and E3 (Raspberry); of oil-in-water type were formulated by using an appropriate combination of oily and aqueous phases loaded with fresh fruit extracts (4%) of Strawberry, Raspberry and (5%) of Blackberry and Base without extract. In-vitro characterization was based to observe the changes in physical stability (liquefaction, colour, conductivity, pH, SPF, centrifugation and rheological parameters) of all these active formulations and base which were kept at four different storage temperatures i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C and 40°C+75%RH for a time period of 12 weeks to assess stability characteristics as per criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characteristics was based to evaluate the effects of active formulations (E1, E2, E3) on various skin parameters such as melanin, erythema, moisture contents, sebum contents, elasticity and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) parameters on facial skin of human female volunteers for study period of 12 weeks. The study was controlled, single blinded with three groups (E1, E2, E3) having 13 volunteers each. Statistical tools of ANOVA technique at 5% level of significance and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate the results obtained. Antioxidant activities of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were 85%, 80% and 87% respectively. Active formulations (E1, E2, E3) containing fruit extracts 4%, 5% and 4% respectively as well as Base showed good pH, stability, conductivity, SPF and rheology, for three months in-vitro investigational period. Active formulations E1, E2 and E3 showed significant (P < 0.05) effects while Base showed insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in decrease of skin melanin, erythema and sebum while an increase in skin moisture content. Active formulations showed significant effects on SELS i.e. SEr (skin roughness), SEsc (skin scaliness), SEsm (skin smoothness) and SEw (skin wrinkles) parameters in comparison to base. SELS (SEr, SEsc and SEw) depicted significant decrease while SEsm (skin smoothness) showed significant increase after topical application of active formulations (E1, E2, and E3) in comparison to base. It can be concluded that final formula was appropriate for developing stable antioxidant emulgels E1, E2 and E3 containing fruit extracts of strawberry, blackberry and raspberry respectively; which remain cost effective and safe to use for human skin, improving patient compliance.