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Home > Computational Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D Sub Genotype D1 Circulating in Pakistan, China and India

Computational Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D Sub Genotype D1 Circulating in Pakistan, China and India

Thesis Info

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Author

Muneeb Bahar

Institute

Virtual University of Pakistan

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Software Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://vspace.vu.edu.pk/detail.aspx?id=180

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676720986629

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Complete genome of HBV is almost 3200 base pair long having semicircular shaped double stranded DNA, so far classified into ten genotypes labeled A to J, about 40 sub genotypes and 4 serotypes adr, adw, ayr, ayw. Distribution of HBV genotype D and sub genotype D1 is mostly predominant in Pakistan and India about more than 80% among all genotypes of HBV. While it is less dominant in China where genotype B and C predominates. Focus of this study is the computational analysis of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 comprising Sequence analysis done using PROBCONS, Phylogenetic analysis performed by MEGA software program, Gene structure analysis using GSDS 2.0 version and Protein structure analysis using BLASTP and SWISS-MODEL.For all these analysis sample of 54 complete genome sequences of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 were used. Representation of 3 selected countries was subject to the availability of data at Genbank. Six complete genome sequences were obtained from Pakistan 14 from China and 34 sequences were from India. Sequence alignment shows less than 4% divergence in reported sequences from Pakistan, India and China. C and X genes showed divergence of less than 3%. While comparison over the S gene showed similarity ratio of genotype D sub genotype D1 is 97?98%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Pakistan HBV, complete genome isolate have the closest evolutionary relationship with its neighboring countries China and India. Sub genotype D1 isolates from China (HQ833466) and Pakistan (AB583680.1) share same ancestor. Gene structure showed coding region exons of ?P? gene is largest about 75% of the gene size while gene ?S? has 2nd largest coding region. However, ?C? and ?X? genes have one smallest exon. Using BLASTP Protein structure showed that similar kind of proteins from different sequences share identical structure format. X proteins were 92% identical, both of Polymerase and Middle S proteins were 99% identical, large surface and pre-core/core proteins have 98% similar structural features relative to its own type. Results from all three X proteins homology models using SWISS MODEL revealed GMQE=0.1. Global and local quality estimate scores including Z-scores for QMEAN CBeta, All Atom, Solvation and Torsion Energy scores were similar indicating good quality, accuracy and reliability of predicted models. 3D visualization showed similar structures and Ramachandran plots showed high percentage of protein residues into favorable region for X Protein Models.
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عشق کا گائوں

یہ دل جب جوان ہوا تھا
اس کا ابرو کمان ہوا تھا
ہر نقش اس کا قاتل تھا
نشانے پہ میرا دل تھا
دُور دُور رہا کرتا تھا وہ
کچھ نہ کہا کرتا تھا وہ

ہر روز اسے دیکھتا تھا میں
کہ اس کا فریفتہ تھا میں

دیکھا تھا اسے جب سے
مانگا ہر شب رب سے

اسے پیار ہونا مشکل تھا
میرا اعتبار ہونا مشکل تھا
پر جذبے میں سچائی تھی
وہ آخر پگھل آئی تھی
اُسے اعتبار آ گیا آخر
مجھ پہ پیار آ گیا آخر

یوں شروع پھر فسانہ ہوا
کہ وہ بھی میرا دیوانہ ہوا
پر ایک دن بھید کھل گیا اپنا
سب کو سراغ مل گیا اپنا
آخر عشق و زمانہ لڑ گئے
اور یوں ہوا کہ ہم بچھڑ گئے

اس سانحے پہ بہت روئے ہم
جانے کتنی ہی راتیں نہ سوئے ہم
دل پہ خوشیوں کا ڈیرہ نہیں رہا
یہ سچ ہے کہ وہ میرا نہیں رہا
عمریں بیت گئی پر سوال وہی رہا
کہ اُ س کے جانے کا ملال وہی رہا

یہ سچ ہے بہت ہم اداس رہتے ہیں
یہ بھی سچ ہے نہ اک دوسرے کے پاس رہتے ہیں
یہ بھی مانا کہ ہیں مجبور بہت
پر اس ظالم سماج سے دور بہت
اک عشق کا گاؤں آتا ہے
جہاں نہ کوئی اداس رہتا ہے
وہاں وہ میرے پاس رہتا ہے

Medical students' perception of online assessment at a private medical college

Introduction: During COVID-19 lockdown, Shalamar Medical College opted for an unproctored online formative assessment. Medical institutes have conducted online assessments before COVID-19 and literature presents contrasting views on its acceptability by teachers and students alike. Objective:  This study aims to determine medical students’ perception of the unproctored online assessments. Methods:  A survey questionnaire was disseminated through Google forms to all MBBS students of SMDC on WhatsApp. Consent to take part in the survey was added to the questionnaire and students consenting to be a part of the survey were requested to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of closed ended as well as open-ended questions. The data was analyzed by IBM SPSS 20. Results:  Network issues are believed to be a major issue in taking online tests (83%) and 45% of the students feel it is more difficult to take an online test. Fifty-eight percent of the students feel it is easy to cheat on online tests. A considerable number of students (P = 0.00) believe that MCQS are more reliable than SEQs. Conclusion:  The results of this study showed that students do not consider online tests as reliable and effective as classroom tests because of network issues, and unconducive environment at home, limited time, and academic dishonesty. However, if they are unavoidable, students would be more receptive to MCQs than SEQs. KEYWORDS: Reliability, cheating, effectiveness, online assessment  

Antecedents of Product Country Image Pci and its Impact on Consumers Willingness to Buy Foreign Products

This thesis comprises three separate yet interrelated research articles on product country image (PCI). Two theories from social science have provided underpinnings for the conceptual model of relationships investigated in this thesis: self-categorization theory provides a basis for consumers to categorize products as domestic or foreign, whereas social identity theory helps explain consumers‘ ethnocentrism. These theories have implications for the applicability of integrated marketing strategies to consumers located in nations with different cultures. Four antecedents of PCI were selected from the literature, namely, materialism (MAT), consumer ethnocentrism (CE), value consciousness (VC), and cosmopolitanism (COS), and their relationships with consumers‘ perceptions about home product country image (HPCI) and foreign product country image (FPCI) were investigated using a sample of young Pakistani respondents for the product category of clothing. This was examined in the first research article. The second research article tested the presence of the moderating effect of country familiarity (CF) on the relationships of the above-stated 4 antecedents with FPCI. The third research paper then investigated the relationship between PCI (including both HPCI and FPCI) with consumers‘ willingness to buy (WB) in the presence of the iv moderating effect of their product experience (PE) from previously using foreign products. Data were collected through a questionnaire completed by university students in Lahore. Validated scales were used to measure the latent constructs mentioned above, and confirmatory factor analysis was done to verify that the indicators do load on their respective factors with the required loading strength. Thereafter, structural relationships between the above-stated latent constructs were tested using structural equation modeling. In the first article, consumers‘ COS was found to be positively related to not only HPCI but also FPCI, which is not unusual, as cosmopolitan consumers are likely to be more open minded about both home and foreign products. CE was found to be positively related to FPCI, which was unexpected considering findings reported in the literature. Consumers‘ MAT was found to be positively related to FPCI, which was intuitively commensurate with expectations and in line with the literature. Consumers‘ VC was found to be negatively related to FPCI but positively related to HPCI, which is understandable in a developing country with low purchasing power. The results of the second research article revealed that CF has a moderating effect only on the relationship between consumers‘ VC and FPCI and does not moderate the relationship between the other 3 antecedents and FPCI.The results of the third paper showed that FPCI is positively related to consumers‘ WB foreign products. Further, consumers‘ PE with foreign products was found to moderate the relationship between FPCI and WB.