Milk is generally considered as highly nutritious and useful food for all age groups as well as inexpensive and widely available. However, its quality and microbial content are the features which have to be observed. The quality of milk depends on its biochemical composition and hygienic conditions during the collection of milk and its distribution. Milk itself acts as best medium for enhancing the growth and development of different types of microbes because of its composition and presence of water in large quantity. Milk sold in Bahawalpur district was suspected to be contaminated because of repeated outbreaks of gastroenteritis. In this context, the research was designed to rule out molecular detection and quantitative analysis of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the milk samples obtained from various tehsils of Bahawalpur district. E. coli were considered as the most prevalent bacteria of milk and could be the most probable microbe causing this disease. In this research, 100 raw milk samples were gathered in a way that 10 samples each were collected from Jamalpur, Hasilpur, Khairpur, Qaimpur, Lal Sohanra, Lal Sohanra National Park, Yazman Mandi, Head Rajkan, Ahmedpur East and Uch Sharif. Then the samples of milk were cultured on different culture media for bacterial segregation. Identification of bacterial specie was done through gram?s staining and properties of bacterial culture on different selective media. Biochemical tests were also performed which include catalase and coagulase tests. Final identification was performed through PCR and resolution of PCR products by gel electrophoresis. Antibiotic sensitivity test was also performed so as to confirm the susceptibility of E. coli regarding multiple antibiotics. Out of 10 samples collected each from Jamalpur, Hasilpur, Khairpur, Qaimpur, Badar Sher, Lal Sohanra National Park, Yazman Mandi, Head Rajkan, Ahmedpur East and Uch Sharif, results had shown the presence of E.coli in 4(40%), 6(60%), 3(30%), 2(20%), 4(40%), 5(50%), 3(30%), 4(40%), 6(60%) and 5(50%) samples respectively. E. coli isolates were amplified by PCR based on 16S rRNA gene. Results of antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that E. coli isolates had shown resistance to amoxicillin (85%) and erythromycin (72%). However, they were found to be affected by azithromycin (53%), ciprofloxacin (86%), gentamicin (86%), norfloxacin (80%) and streptomycin (66%). Resistant pattern in relation to broad spectrum antibiotic (i.e., amoxycillin) points to a situation which should be considered carefully and suggests that indiscriminate use of antibiotics for precautionary or therapeutic purposes should be avoided as it could be the cause of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
111:01 a. Doomed be the hands of Abu Lahab, b. and doomed he be!
111:02 a. Neither his wealth be of any benefit to him, b. nor his earnings be against Allah’s Wrath.
111:03 a. In the Hereafter, he will definitely be flung into Fire of Blazing Flames.
111:04 a. And with him, his wife will enter the Fire as well, b. as she was a carrier of firewood and thorn branches and of evil tales and slander The Prophet.
111:05 a. She will have twisted strands of palm-fiber around her neck.
The growing number of diabetes coupled with the harsh side effects of some synthetic drugs has led to the increasing search for alternative medicine which are relatively cheap with minimum side effects. Objective: To investigate the anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya and Psidiumguajava extracts separately and in combination, and the effect of treatment on hepato-renal performance. Methods: Papaya and guava leaves were macerated in 98% ethanol for extraction. Results: The result showed that ethanolic leaf extract of P. Guajava and C. Papaya significantly (P< 0.05) reduced blood glucose level, Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) as compared to diabetic control group. Serum activities of liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was slightly elevated that indicate hepatotoxic nature of plant extracts. The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin and HbA1C level were restored to normal range. A slight reduction in body weight (P>0.05) of treated groups was observed. Serum urea and creatinine concentration was restored to normal level in treated rats with regeneration of kidney function. Conclusions: The study concluded that individual and combined plant extract show anti-hyperglycemic effect but the combined remedy at this dose show hepatotoxicity
Maillard reaction is an imperative reaction that produces flavoring compounds in various food items. Additionally, some toxic compounds are also formed during this non- enzymatic reaction that mainly includes acrylamide and hydroxymethyl furfural. Current research was conducted to detect the concentration of acrylamide production during Maillard reaction in various model systems as well as in bakery items. Moreover, the reduction of acrylamide concentration by using various mitigation strategies was also included in the study plan. For the purpose, Maillard model systems were prepared by utilization of amino acids and reducing sugars. Two amino acids, glutamine and asparagine and two reducing sugars, glucose and fructose were taken and model systems were prepared by heating the samples in Reflux apparatus for 1 hr followed by Clevenger apparatus for 4-6 hrs in the presence of dichloromethane (solvent). About 1ml sample was obtained by evaporation of separated solution in rotary evaporator. Then, acrylamide was examined by using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, mitigation strategies like vacuum oven, calcium chloride and pectin were applied on these model systems and acrylamide was analyzed. Maximum acrylamide concentration was observed by GC-MS in control i.e., 22.37±1.9μg/g, while minimum (3.51±0.5μg/g) was recorded in pectin-treated model system. On the basis of model systems, minimum concentration (9.63±8.1μg/g) was examined in Fructose-Glutamine model system. The two; pectin-treated Fructose/Glutamine (F/Gm) and Glucose/Glutamine (G/Gm) model systems that contained very low amount of acrylamide were selected for further safety and product analysis. For the safety assessment, two selected model systems were added in water as 0.5 and 1% concentration and given to four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats. Control model system, F/Gm that contained less amount of acrylamide was given to the fifth group. Serum analysis, liver function tests, protein tests and renal function tests were performed. It was revealed that minimum values of AST and ALT were observed in group 2 (0.5% pectin-treated G/Gm model system) i.e., 85.33±3.5 and 71.00±3.0IU/L, respectively due to less acrylamide formation. Minimum serum total protein was recorded as 4.73±0.1g/dL in group 3 (1% pectin- treated G/Gm model system), correspondingly. Minimum A/G ratio (0.87±0.12) was recorded in group 1 (control) due to high acrylamide production. Urea explicated significant variation from group 1 (control) to group 5 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system) i.e., 92.67±4.0 to 40.00±7.9mg/dL, respectively. Afterwards, bakery products, bread, cookies and chapatti were prepared by using 0.5 and 1% concentration of F/Gm and G/Gm model systems. Acrylamide concentration was determined in bread by using GC-MS and it was found that minimum value of acrylamide (0.07±0.08μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was decreased from 1.93±1.9 to 0.88±1.5μg/g during the entire study. In cookies, minimum acrylamide concentration (0.09±0.09μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). The acrylamide content was decreased from 1.17±1.6 to 0.52±0.6μg/g during the entire study. In chapattis, high acrylamide concentration (2.39±0.35μg/g) was observed in T 0 (control). Conversely, minimum value of acrylamide concentration (0.11±0.10μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was reduced from 1.4±0.9 to 0.80±0.8μg/g during the entire storage period in chapattis. So, it is concluded that pectin-treated model systems reduced higher quantity of acrylamide content as compared to other mitigation strategies.