Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 is greatly threatening to Pakistan poultry, even with stringent vaccination policies. Subtype H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) continues to cause significant outbreaks in commercial and backyard poultry in Pakistan. Subsequently, subtype H9N2 AIVs are occasionally reported from humans, widespread incidence of H9N2 in poultry and non-poultry avian species executes a great risk for public health. Until now, the genetic evolution of H9N2 viruses in various host organisms in Pakistan has not been thoroughly investigated. However, this is the primarily report of isolation of low pathogenic AIV in non-poultry avian species including ducks, black swan, peacock and pheasants in Pakistan. The study has been carried in National Zoos and live birds market (LBM) situated in Lahore district and commercial and backyard poultry in Kasure, Gujranwala, Sheikhpura and Sialkot districts of Punjab province and Bhimber, Kotli and Mirpur districts of Azad and Jammu Kashmir (AJK). In the present study, twelve low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) subtype H9N2 isolated from clinically healthy and diseased ducks, geese, black swans, pheasants and peacocks and five from poultry outbreaks during 2016-17 were characterized phylogenetically on the basis of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. Phylogenetic studies showed that these H9N2 AIVs belonged to Middle East B genetic group of G1 sub-lineage. All the viruses carried an amino acid substitution Q226L in HA gene in the receptor binding site that contributes to increased replication and virulence in mammals. In the present work, genetically very closely H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry and multiple non-poultry avian species. We demonstrated the existence of epidemiological links between poultry and other avian species kept in captivity. Therefore, these findings suggested the continuing surveillance of poultry and other avian species in this region. This demonstrates an epidemiological link between poultry and other avian species kept in captivity, a fact which must be considered in future H9N2 disease management programs.
پیپلز پارٹی کا یہ سپوت 1962ء کو راولپنڈی میں پیدا ہوا ۔16سال کی عمر میں پی ایس ایف جوائن کی ۔بھٹوکی پھانسی کے بعد فوجی آمریت کے خلاف احتجاجی ریلیوں میں شریک ہو نے کے الزام میں 1982ء میں گرفتار ہوا ۔1983ء میں اپنے دیگر ساتھیوں ادریس طوطی اور عثمان غنی کے ساتھ 21سال کی عمر میں پھانسی کی سزا پائی ۔تینوںجیالوںکو پھانسی دینے کے لیے ایک ہی پھندا استعمال کیا گیا تھا ۔
Qur’an and Prophetic traditions (Hadith) are the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims believe that Qur’an is the word of God (Allah). Hadith (Prophet’s Sayings, actions and silent approval and disapproval for something) likewise is based on divine revelation. Qur’an affirms also this view: (God says) Your Companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does He speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. Al-Qur’an (53: 2-4). Allah Almighty Himself took the responsibility to guard His word (the Qur’an): (He says : ) verily, we, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. The Qur’an) and surely, We will got it (from corruption). (Al-Qur’an: 15: 9) on the contrary the responsibility to guard the prophetic traditions (Hadith) was put on the shoulders on the Muslim Ummah. The scholars of Islam (Ulamas) try their utmost to collect and save the Prophetic traditions and guard it from any alteration. To achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguished between the true and the fabricated hadith. The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Hadith literature. Different scholars have compiled the books which contain a large numbers of authentic Ahadith (Ahadith Sahiha), one of them is Imam Ibn e Khuzaima. In this article we will discuss the Imam Ibn e Khuzaima approach towards “Ahadith al Sahiha” in his book “Sahih Ibn e Khuzaima”.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts at the hypothalamus to regulate the reproductive function by stimulating the release of GnRH from hypothalamus. In the present study a group of 5 female adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 5.5-9 years old, mean body weight of 10.31±0.90 kg and with menstrual cycle of 31 days was used. Changes in their body weight, behavior and sex skin color were observed throughout the cycle. Menstrual cycle of each monkey was monitored daily by recording the onset and duration of menstrual bleeding with vaginal swabs. Baseline profile of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) were measured by collecting blood sample (2 ml) on different days throughout the menstrual cycle of 31 days. Sequential blood samples (2 ml) were collected at an interval of 15 minutes for one hour before NPY administration for the hormonal baseline and for 2 hours and 15 minutes after NPY administration. In order to study the effect of NPY on plasma E2, P, PRL and GH levels on day 1 (menstrual phase), day 7 (follicular phase), day 15 (peri-ovulatory phase) and day 21 (luteal phase) of menstrual cycle, 200 μg of NPY in single bolus intravenous injection was given. Individual and mean body weight during the menstrual cycle was not significantly different. After NPY administration monkeys were relaxed and comfortable. Sex skin coloration changed progressively from whitish pink to deep red following menstrual to periovulatory phase and then decrease in colour intensity occurred during luteal phase. Baseline profile of estradiol showed that plasma E2 concentration was significantly high (P<0.001) in the periovulatory phase of menstrual cycle compared to menstrual, follicular and luteal phases. The luteal phase plasma E2 level was significantly low compared to follicular phase (P<0.003) but not significantly different from the menstrual phase. Plasma estradiol level 15 minutes after NPY administration increased non-significantly in all the four phases of menstrual cycle compared to baseline at 0 minute. Then, subsequent significant temporal increase till 45 minutes on day 1, 75 minutes on day 15, 60 minutes on day 7 and day 21 followed by subsequent significant temporal decrease. At the end of experiment plasma estradiol attained the basal level in all the four phases. Baseline profile of plasma progesterone showed significantly low levels during menstrual, follicular and periovulatory phases compared to the luteal phase. No significant difference was observed in the plasma P concentration between menstrual, follicular, and ovulatory phases. In all the four phases of menstrual cycle plasma progesterone level 15 minutes after NPY administration increased non-significantly followed by significant temporal increase till 60 minutes on day 1, 105 minutes on day 7, 135 minutes (i.e. till the end of experiment) on day 15 and 30 minutes on day 21. After then non-significant temporal decrease on day 7 and significant on day 1 (P<0.0002) and day 21 (P<0.0007) was observed. The baseline profile of plasma PRL showed that plasma PRL levels were significantly high during menstrual (P<0.013) and periovulatory phases (P<0.023) compared to luteal phase. Plasma prolactin level of follicular phase was non-significantly lower than menstrual and peri-ovulatory phases. The plasma prolactin levels of follicular and luteal phases were not different. In plasma prolactin concentration after 15 minutes of NPY bolus injection a non-significant rise was observed on day 1 followed by non-significant temporal increase till 30 minutes and then significant temporal decrease till the end of experiment. On day 7 non-significant and on day 15 significant increase in plasma prolactin level was observed 15 minutes after NPY administration followed by significant temporal decrease on day 7 (P<0.0005) and day 15 (P<0.009). On day 21 a non-significant decrease in plasma prolactin level after 15 minutes of NPY administration followed by significant temporal decreased till the end of experiment. Regression analysis of variance showed highly significant temporal decrease (P<0.0003). The base line plasma in all the four phases of menstrual cycle GH levels in all the four phases of menstrual cycle were non-significantly different (P>0.05). NPY administration inhibited the plasma GH level in all the four phases of menstrual cycle. On day 1 (menstrual phase) of menstrual cycle plasma growth hormone level 15 minutes after NPY administration decreased non-significantly with subsequent non-significant temporal decrease till 45 minutes followed by significant temporal increase till the end of experiment. A highly significant decrease in plasma GH level was observed on day 7 (follicular phase) and non-significantly on day 15 (periovulatory phase) and day 21 (luteal phase) of menstrual cycle 15 minutes after NPY administration followed by non- significant temporal decrease on day 7 and day 15, but significant temporal decrease on day 21 (P<0.004) till the end of experiment. These results show that NPY has stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the ovarian and pituitary hormones by acting as a modulator, neurotransmitter and neurohormone. NPY has applications in pharmacological fields and can be used for further research.