قذف اور پاکستانی معاشرہ: اسلامی حوالے سے تنقیدی جائزہ

Arbitrariness, unpredictability and instability of the present society are the consequences of alleging and accusing each other, absurdly and misleadingly. It is crucial to stop such felony to rescue standards of living in the society and, to prevent the society from the destroyer blazing of this evil deed. Islam is a perfect religion and helps circumventing all the problems of the society. Therefore Islam is the only religion which punishes with eighty stripes for false accusation. The chastisement is ruled to prevent people from such delinquencies and to keep morality in the society. This article articulates such theme.

Detection of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants of Central and Northern Punjab, Pakistan

The current study has been designed to detect multiple anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants reared at central and northern Punjab, Pakistan. The potential production of small ruminants is greatly affected by the development of anthelmintic resistance. The rates of appearance of anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes all over the world appear to differ geographically and in accord with the current climate, parasites type and treatment regime adopt in the region. Various in vivo and in vitro methods were used to detect multiple anthelmintic drugs resistance. First of all, to conduct a comprehensive studies on selected sheep and goat herds to evaluate the reliability of treatment with wide spectrum anthelmintic drugs using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and, concurrently, to undertake in vitro egg hatch assays (EHA) to evaluate the susceptibility of nematode to anthelmintic drugs. Mean faecal egg count, percentage reduction and 95 per cent confidence interval were calculated by using the formula recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) for detecting multiple anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Multiple anthelmintic resistance was found in selected goats and sheep flocks. All flocks were found resistance against the albendazol; six were resistance against levamisol, two suspected for resistance. Seven flocks were susceptible against Ivermectin while one is suspected for resistance. The results revealed that a significant difference (P<0.05) of FECRT were found on pretreatment and after post-treatment with different anthelmintic drug as compared to control group in all the flocks. The results against albendazol were also confirmed by the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA). Results of EHT revealed that all the eight flocks found positive for resistance against albendazol. The LC50 values ranged from 0.138 μg/mL to 0.152 μg/mL, which confirmed the results of FECRT.