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Molecular Detection of Hepatitis C Virus in Rahim Yar Khan District Population by Quantitative Real Time-Pcr

Thesis Info

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Author

Tabinda Hina

Institute

Virtual University of Pakistan

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Software Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://vspace.vu.edu.pk/detail.aspx?id=217

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676720997349

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Hepatitis is a major disease spreading more rapidly in all over Pakistan and its detection is increasing day by day. Knowledge of the distribution of HCV has important clinical implications since the efficacy of current and new therapies. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has the potential to change significantly over the next few years as therapeutic regimens are rapidly evolving. However, the burden of chronic infection has not been quantified at the global level using the most recent data. Cohort and cross sectional study 534 blood samples randomly selected patients of pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (T.B) was calculate utilizing Quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We examined Hepatitis C virus (HCV) by ELISA and confirmation by qPCR. Risk factors estimated and study association among the triple or Co-infection of (HCV), and mycobacterium tuberculosis in dissimilar period of life and groups of patients. Distribution of co-infection was diverse in regions. Decision between the 534 positive T.B patients analysis, 498 (93.2%) patients were negative and 93 (17.41%) were positive for HCV by using the qPCR technique. The transference of HCV was estimated to have take place by and large between ages of 20-40, unmarried, poor and illiterate. Detection rate is high of HCV in males rather than females. There was developed a correlation between co-infection of HCV and tuberculosis patients due to low immunity and body mass index (BMI). We found that HCV can be effect on TB patients. Active tuberculosis is leading to the cause of death living with HCV.There is need Standard operating protocols (SOP?s) for better management of tuberculosis patients.
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اَرش

اَرش
اَرش کا معنی و مفہوم
ماہرین لغت کے نزدیک زخموں کی دیت کو اَرش کہتے ہیں،جیسا کہ الزبیدی لکھتے ہیں
"الأَرْشُ:الدَّيَةُ،أَي دِيَةُ الجِرَاحَاتِ،سُمِّيَ أَرْشاً لأَنَّه من أسْبَابِ النِّزَاعِ۔"169
"ارش دیت ہے یعنی زخموں کی دیت ۔اس کا نام ارش اس لیے رکھا گیا ہے کیونکہ یہ جھگڑے کے اسباب میں سے ہے "
تاوان یا جرمانہ جو شریعت نے زخموں پر مقرر کیا ہے۔کسی کو زخمی کرنے پر بھی دیت مقرر کی گئی ہے ، جیسا کہ ابن منظور نے بیان کیا
"والأَرْش من الجراحات ما ليس له قدر معلوم وقيل هو دِيَةُ الجراحات وقد تكرر في الحديث ذكر الأَرْشِ المشروع في الحُكومات وهو الذي يأْخذه المشتري من البائع إِذا اطَّلَع على عيب في المَبيع۔"170
"ارش وہ تاوان ہے جو شریعت نے زخموں پر مقرر کیا ہے اور اس طرح وہ تاوان بھی جو مبیع کے اندر عیب کے مطلع ہونے پر مشتری بائع سے وصول کرتاہے۔ "

Revelation in Hinduism: A Muslim Reading

Hinduism has been viewed by Semitic religions as a religion devoid of revelation. Early, Medieval and modem Muslim and Christian writings have often portrayed Hinduism as pagan even satanic while Hindus for millennia have claimed to be divinely revealed. Is Hinduism really a revealed religion and if so, what kind of a revelation does it have? In what manner does the divine reveal himself and who are the recipients of this revelation? To what extent is this concept different from ours? Does the process of revelation continue or has it been discontinued? These are some of the more significant questions that this article shall engage with. It clarifies that Hindus have books which they consider revealed and look upon much as Muslims look upon their Qur’an. The most significant of these among a majority of the Hindus are called the Vedas, literally, knowledge. It goes on to introduce the Vedas with respect to their various parts and content, what Hindus largely believe about it and how they ensured its preservation and safe transmission to later generations through various intricate and elaborate memorization techniques. The article highlights the importance of rishl, the recipients of these revelations, their kinds, characteristics and role in the process of revelation. The article contends that there is much in common between Rishland Semitic prophets with respect to their characteristics but that the similarities do not end here. Rather there is much more common ground to be explored with respect to revelation and its contents and its conveyors than meets the eye.

Synthesis of Chiral Ligands and Their Applications in Combinatorial Asymmetric Catalysis

Enhanced effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals is the most sought-after attribute in the field of enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecules where single enantiomer (R or S) is required, for which asymmetric catalysis is an attractive way. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds in traditional way is difficult, costly and time-consuming process involving the running of long columns which create a lot of waste that causes water pollution. The selectivity of products are equally depends upon the catalyst and conditions of the reaction which makes the task harder for selecting and finding new catalytic system. Present work deals with the development of six families of chiral ligands libraries for rapid recognition of the best system, by using combinatorial chemistry, during hydrogenation of ketones, a starting material and as intermediate in a number of pharmaceutical processes. The ligands were both generated in situ and in pure form for the comparison of results and were obtained by simple condensation, providing one of the starting materials being chiral. Six families namely; bisimine, diamine, aminal, imine, iminophosphine and oxazoline were synthesized and tested in presence of Zn(II), Rh(I) and Rh(III) by using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), diphenylsilane and formic acid/sodium formate as hydrogen donor species for transfer hydrogenation during synthesis of selective chiral alcohols from achiral acetophenone. Overall 1566 catalytic systems were developed and subsequently tested and the yield and enantiomeric excesses were found by using 1H NMR and chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively with more than 90% ee and 99% conversion as the best result for imine and aminal ligands. It has been proven that ligands synthesized in-situ gave comparable and almost same results to purified version with best reproducibility.