Metal contamination of urban and agricultural soil is a potential threat for human health. With increasing population, human activities like rapid industrialization, unchecked urbanization and agricultural activities significantly contribute to the heavy metal pollution. Metal contaminants present in environment can enter into the food web so cause harmful effects on living organisms. The present proposal aims to address the heavy metals pollution like Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) in soil, and bioaccumulation of these metals in soil dwelling organisms ?earthworms?. For this purpose, 40 sites were selected including urban, agricultural, industrial land forest areas. Briefly, soil samples and earthworms were collected from selected sites and stored under standardize conditions. Soil digests, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extracts and earthworms? digests were prepared using acids under standard lab conditions. The digests and extracts were assessed for heavy metal contamination by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer following the standard protocols. We found that high levels of metal contaminant were present in selected samples of soil of industrial and urban areas. The highest concentration of Chromium was found in industrial soil samples (mean 2352 ?g/g). Additionally, the bioaccumulation of these metals in earthworms also showed significant concentrations. However, the soil and earthworm samples from agricultural and forest areas had comparatively low level of heavy metals. These results indicate that industrial and urban areas of district Kasur are affected in terms of heavy metal pollution due to excessive anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, bio-accumulation of these heavy metals in earthworms serves as a useful bio-indicator of soil pollution. . The average range of heavy metals in soil of industrial areas were; Cd (26.931?g/g), Cr (2352.3?g/g), As (21.62?g/g) and Pb (6.64?g/g) whereas in earthworms from industrial areas were; Cd (33.43?g/g), Cr (31.085?g/g), As (0.30?g/g) and Pb (11.45?g/g). Similarly the average range of heavy metals in soil in urban areas were; Cd (18.153?g/g), Cr (1354.9?g/g), As (22.824?g/g) and Pb (30.612?g/g), whereas in earthworms from urban areas were; Cd (23.206?g/g), Cr (17.215?g/g), As (0.27?g/g) and Pb (11.89?g/g).The total accumulation rate of cadmium, lead, chromium and arsenic in the biomass of the earthworms was significantly higher in industrial and urban areas of Kasur rather than agricultural and forests.
اچھے شہری کی ذمہ داری کائنات کے حسن کو دوبالا کرنے کے لیے جہاں ہر کس و ناکس اپنافریضہ ادا کر رہا ہے وہاں اچھے شہری کی بھی یہ ذمہ داری ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے جو کائنات بنائی ہے اُس میں رہ کر اچھے شہری ہونے کا ثبوت دے اور اس کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی تمام پریشانیوں کا سد ّباب کرے۔ ایک اچھا شہری نہ صرف اپنی ذات کے بارے میں حسن ظن رکھتا ہے بلکہ وہ اپنے کردار سے، اپنی گفتار سے، اپنے طور و اطوار سے کوئی ایسی بات کا مرتکب نہیں ہوتا جس سے اس کے وجود سے نفرت کی جائے۔ اچھا شہری صرف وہی نہیں جوصبح اُٹھے سیر کو جائے اور پھر نماز ادا کرے اور تلاوت کلامِ پاک کرے اسی طرح وہ اپنی صبح نو کا آغاز کرے اور اس طرح خاموشی سے دن گزار دے، اچھا شہری تعلیمی ادارے کا سربراہ ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا مدرس ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا دوکاندار ہو سکتا ہے، اچھا سیاستدان ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا قانون دان ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا منصف ہوسکتا ہے ۔ اچھے شہری کی ہی ذمہ داری ہے کہ گھر کے اندر ، معاشرے کے اندر، خویش و اقارب کے اندر اگر کوئی برائی دیکھتا ہے تو وہ اس کا قلع قمع کرنے میں کوئی دقیقہ فروگزاشت نہ کرے یہ اس کی ذمہ داری ہے اور دینی فریضہ بھی! حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم نے فرمایا کہ’’ مسلمان وہ ہے جس کی زبان اور ہاتھ سے دیگر مسلمان محفوظ رہیں ، ہرشخص جب تک اپنا تعمیرانہ کردار ادانہ کرے اپنی دھرتی کو بقعۂ نورنہیں بنا سکتا،اپنی اس زمین میں عقل و خرد، عدل و انصاف، اخوت و بھائی چارہ کی فضا پیدا نہیں کر سکتا۔ اچھے شہری کی ذمہ داریوں میں سے ایک ذمہ داری یہ بھی ہے کہ وہ...
ABSTRACT: The paper aims to analyze the behavior of Islamic consumers that how they can get the maximum possible satisfaction in divine constraints. Islamic consumers ought to be socially conscious economic agents. They will always take into consideration that what their consumption means for the rest of the society? In the Islamic theory of consumption, we essentially look for both “religious success and personal gains”. Islam believes in aggregate welfare but at the same time it does not ignore personal gain i. E. Maximization of personal utility or profit. A rational Islamic consumer will never spend all his money on material goods for maximization of his own utility. He will allocate some portion of his earning towards spending in the way of Allah (S. W. T), thus the total utility for an Islamic consumer can be decomposed into two parts; material utility plus eternal utility. We have assumed that eternal utility is at least as good as worldly utility (U, >Um) ¥ \ye conclude that total utility derived from spending on material goods plus eternal utility derived from spending in the way of Allah (SWT) will be at least as good as utility derived from the ncome of the consumer allocated towards the consumption of material commodities only. Finally, we may conclude that based upon the satisfaction of needs in divine context, resources will be allocated towards Islamically valid, humanly productive and economically efficient goods and services. PDF
An Evaluative Study of the Impact of Trained Elementary School Teachers on the Classroom The study aimed to evaluate the teacher training program at elementary level in AJK so as to have
quality education through the improvement in the quality of teacher training, classroom teaching and
ultimately by up grading the student’s achievement level.
The main objectives of the study were 1) To evaluate the impact of trained elementary school teachers
on classroom practices and students achievements 2) To compare the impact of trained elementary
school teachers on classroom practices and students achievements in different strata 3) To suggest
some recommendations to educational administrators, supervisors and teacher trainers to coordinate
and upgrade the programs of teacher training and instructions to enhance the students achievements
and quality of educations.
Total respondents were 605 including students of grade 8th through other respondents to Directors of
education. The tools of study were composed of questionnaires, interview schedules, classroom
observation schedule and an achievement test of science grade 8th. Analysis of the data collected,
through different tools, was made, means and percentages were calculated out which showed that
generally there was no application and implementation of training in classroom environment and
resultant achievements of the students remained very low ranging from 42.24 % to 48.57 % falling in
grade “D” (Fair). Overall performance level of teachers regarding impact on classroom practices and
students achievements was very low. This least or no impact of trained teachers on classroom practices
and students achievements was due to the lack of well-planned and organized teacher training,
monitoring, supervision and follow up mechanism for trained teachers.
To address this poor prevailing situation in the areas of teacher training and classroom practices of
trained teacher’s recommendations are presented and a new model of teacher training has been
designed for implementation in future.