پروفیسر محمد عمرالدین
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں پروفیسر محمد عمر الدین کا ۶۲ برس کی عمر میں انتقال علی گڑھ میں ہوگیا،اوریہیں دفن ہوئے۔ مرحوم علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی میں ۲۴ء میں داخل ہوئے تھے، اُس وقت سے دمِ آخرتک اُن کا رشتہ اس درس گاہ سے منقطع نہیں ہوا۔ انھوں نے تعلیم یہیں مکمل کی، پھر یہیں لکچرر، ریڈر، پروفیسر اورصدر شعبۂ فلاسفی ونفسیات، وارڈن، اور پروووسٹ اورخداجانے کیاکیا ہوئے۔انھوں نے یونیورسٹی میں بڑے بڑے اتار چڑھاؤ اورانقلابات دیکھے تھے،اوراب آخر میں خود انقلاباتِ زمانہ کی عبرت انگیز تصویربن کررہ گئے تھے۔اسلامی فلسفہ اُن کا خاص مضمون تھا، امام غزالی ؒ کے فلسفۂ اخلاق پرانگریزی میں اُن کی ضخیم کتاب چند سال ہوئے یونیورسٹی کی طرف سے شائع ہوئی ہے۔بلاکے ذہین، بہترین منتظم،بے نفس وبے ریا، مجّسم خلوص، پیکرِ وضع داری، اور نہایت سادہ اوربے تکلّف! راقم الحروف سے دیرینہ اور بڑے مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے، یونیورسٹی سے ملازمت کے تعلق کے اعتبارسے مرحوم اس چمن کی پرانی بہار کی آخری نشانی تھے۔ ’’خدا بخشے بہت سی خوبیاں تھیں مرنے والے میں‘‘۔ [ستمبر ۱۹۶۴ء]
The current research was conducted to explore the possible causes of actual employee turnover and turnover intentions. Using Post positivism research philosophy, phenomenological qualitative research method was used to explore the phenomena. Semi-structured interviews of 21 bank employees (selected using purposive sampling) were conducted which were analyzed using NVivo 12. The research findings suggest many uniques themes in order to overcome the problem of employee turnover, especially for banks. The themes which were developed consisted of five significant themes such as the bank appraisals and reward system was identified as biased and based more on favoritism, employee feel that their actual performance is not evaluated properly and sincerely. The other factor concluded by the research findings is that the employees are dissatisfied with the salary and benefits, as they felt that there should a consistent effort to identify employee personal needs which should be customized accordingly in their compensation plans as well. The very essential factor recognized in the research finding was the upward and downward communication gaps with the employees. Such perceptions generated related issues as the employees felt that branches are much deprived to have a direct communication channel with the top team heads. The other very essential factor discovered after the investigation of the phenomena of turnover is lack of career growth. Lastly, another important cause of employee turnover was the transfers, which took place without the consent of the employee. Employees felt demotivated due to such transfers and changes in their work locations. Recommendations and future research directions have been at the end of the research
The work presented in this thesis consists of the synthesis, characterization, and biological screening of heterocyclic compounds. For convenience, the work has been divided into two parts, part one is related to the compounds containing oxygen atom in the heterocyclic ring whereas part two refers to the compounds containing nitrogen and/ or sulphur atoms in the heterocyclic ring. Part one of this thesis is related to the synthesis, characterization and biological activity of some heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen in the ring. These compounds include some naturally and unnaturally occurring substituted isocoumarins and 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins. The synthesis of naturally occurring isocoumarin Thunberginol B is reported, in which 3,5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid is a key intermediate for the synthesis of Thunberginol B. It was synthesized efficiently in five steps from 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde via a series of reactions including synthesis of 3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3-(3′,5′- dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, cyclization of 3-(3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid to 5,7-dimethoxy-1-indanone and oxidative decomposition of methyl 2- hydroxy-2-(5,7-dimethyoxy-1-oxo-1H-inden-2(3H)-ylidene)acetate dimethoxyhomophthalic acid. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoylchloride from 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid condensation with to 3,5- was prepared on reaction with thionyl chloride which on 3,5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid afforded 3-(3'',4''- dimethoxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethoxyisocoumarin. Complete demethylation of 3-(3'',4''- dimethoxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethoxyisocoumarin with hydrobromic acid in acetic acid gave 3-(3'',4''-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,8-dihydroxyisocoumarin (Thunberginol B). In addition to above, some unnaturally occurring halogenated isocoumarins and their 3,4-dihydrodrivatives were also synthesized. The difluorophenyl- and dichlorophenylisocoumarins by condensation of homophthalic acid with an appropriate acid chloride. Alkaline hydrolysis of the isocoumarins yielded corresponding keto-acids, which on reduction give the corresponding racemichydroxy-acids. 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins were obtained from these racemic hydroxy-acids by cyclodehydration using acetic anhydride. All the synthesised compounds were identified using their IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. In many cases 13 C NMR and elemental analysis data were employed to support the characterization. In each case, a plasible mass fragmentation pattern is suggested. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, antibacterial, herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, anti- metastatic, brine shrimp lethality, antioxidant, anti -inflammatory, antiviral, anti- HIV, anti-HBV and anticancer activities and in some cases, very fascinating results were obtained which were then published in different international journals. These synthetic schemes have tremendous potential for further synthesis of novel biological active compounds. Part two of the thesis describes the synthesis and biological screening of some, hitherto unreported, isatin derivatives (Indolinones), 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides and their related 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 4,5- disubstituted-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones. Indolinones were formed by the direct condensation of hydrazides with halogenated isatins. Triazoles were formed by intramolecular dehydrative cyclization of thiosemicarbazides in basic media while thiadiazoles were formed in acidic media, which is an intermediate during the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds. Thiosemicarbazides were formed by aldol type condensation reaction of acid hydrazides and isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates were formed by the reaction of anilines with carbon disulphide in ammonium hydroxide solution to yield ammonium dithiocarbamate, an intermediate which on oxidation with lead nitrate yield isothiocyanate. Acid hydrazides were formed by the reaction of esters of carboxylic acid with hydrazine hydrate and esters were formed by refluxing carboxylic acid in methanol in catalytic amount of carboxylic acids. As a result of these synthetic schemes, thirty new indolinones, ten disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and twenty disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones were synthesized. The characterization ofthese synthesized compounds was carried out by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, elemental analysis, Mass spectral data and XRD analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, antibacterial, herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, plant growth regulatory activity and antiviral activities.
