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Home > Molecular Based Identification and Association of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Hbv and Hiv Virus in Patient Samples of Muzaffargarh District

Molecular Based Identification and Association of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Hbv and Hiv Virus in Patient Samples of Muzaffargarh District

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khadija Tul Kubra

Institute

Virtual University of Pakistan

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Software Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://vspace.vu.edu.pk/detail.aspx?id=244

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676721004807

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Hepatitis is a major disease spreading more rapidly in all over Pakistan and its detection is increasing day by day. Knowledge of the distribution of Hepatitis B and HIV virus have important clinical implications since the efficacy of current and new therapies. The treatment of chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has the potential to change significantly over the next few years as therapeutic regimens are rapidly evolving. However, the burden of chronic infection has not been quantified at the global level using the most recent data. Cohort and cross sectional study 534 blood samples randomly selected patients of pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (T.B) was calculate utilizing Quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We examined Hepatitis B and HIV virus by ELISA and confirmation by qPCR. Risk factors estimated and study association among the triple or Co-infection of Hepatitis B virus, HIV virus, and mycobacterium tuberculosis in dissimilar period of life and groups of patients. Distribution of co-infection was diverse in regions. Decision between the 534 positive T.B patients analysis, 498 (93.2%) patients were negative and 36 (6.7%) were positive for HBV and 04 patients were positive for HIV (0.74%) by using the qPCR technique. The transference of HBV was estimated to have take place by and large between ages of 20-40, unmarried, poor and illiterate. Detection rate is high of HBV in males rather than females. There was developed a correlation between co-infection of HBV, HIV and tuberculosis patients due to low immunity and body mass index (BMI). We found that HBV can be effect on TB patients. Active tuberculosis is leading to the cause of death living with HBV and HIV virus. There is need for standard operating protocols (SOP?s) for better management of tuberculosis patients.
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حمدو نعت

دیوانِ یونس فریدی
حمد و نعت
صد شکر سوچ میری بھی تبدیل کچھ ہوئی
صد شکر میرے دل کو بھی ارمانِ نعت ہے
ٰ
حمد

وہ ہے قادر، نہیں ہے اس میں کلام
اُس کے محتاج سب خواص و عوام

وہ سجھائے کمال کی جہتیں
ہے نا! انسان ہر لحاظ سے خام

جا رہا ہے ہر ایک مر کر بھی
باندھ کر جسم پر سفید احرام

ڈھانپ لے گی گناہ گاروں کو
رحمتِ ذوالجلال والا کرام

اے خدائے کریم! یونسؔ پر
رہے قائم سدا ترا انعام

نعت

منبعِ جود و سخا ہے، اُنؐ کی ذات
بے نواؤں کی نوا ہے اُنؐ کی ذات

اُنؐ کی آمد پر ہوا حق کا ظہور
مظہرِ نورِ خدا ہے اُنؐ کی ذات

امتوں میں اُنؐ کی امت ذی وقار
تاج دار انبیا ہے اُنؐ کی ذات

دیدہ ور ہو، آزما کر دیکھ لو!
آج بھی جلوہ نما ہے اُنؐ کی ذات

کیا کرے یونسؔ کوئی اُنؐ کی ثناء
عقل سے بھی ماورا ہے اُنؐ کی ذات
ز
آمدِ خیرالوریٰ، صد مرحبا

خود خدا محو ثنائ، صد مرحبا
نعت گوئی میں ہمارے مقتدی

طائران خوش نوا، صد مرحبا
جن و انساں وجد میں ہیں اک طرف

اک طرف ارض و سما، صد مرحبا
ہے فرشتوں کی زباں پر آج بھی
مرحبا صلی علی، صد مرحبا
ز
اگر درپیش کوئی مسئلہ ہو

نظر سوئے درِ خیرالوریٰؐ ہو
اجل بھی رشک سے دیکھے گی مجھ کو

زباں پر اُس گھڑی یا مصطفٰےؐ ہو
ملے اِذنِ زیارت، اور پھر

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Influence of Educational and Financial Status of Parents on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students: A Case Study in Hyderabad Division-Sindh

This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.

Non – Linear Defect Sizing Via Grayscale Thresholding Technique Applied to Digital Radiographic Images of Industrial Materials ── With Special Focus on Nuclear Fuels

Determination of the size of a defect in a given material is important from industrial usage point of view. In this work, a computational technique has been developed that takes a humble step forward from just qualitative description of defect, such as “big” or “small” to its area-wise quantification. Our program (by the name “DEFAREA”) accepts a 2D grayscale image of an investigated specimen as input and sizes the irregular shaped defects contained therein in terms of the area occupied by them. In case where a defect feature is of regular shape being a projected image of a cylinder or a sphere the program is also able to produce volumetric results. The program exploits the fact that defects offer color contrasts that are different from the rest of the image (such as bone fracture in X- ray radiograph). It is based on grayscale thresholding (GT) whereby it first iterates down to compute a minimum value of graylevel that separates the first peak from the rest of the distribution in the grayscale spectrum of the given input image. This threshold, which is representative of a particular shade of gray color, is then used to identify, select and count the number of pixels which have graylevel values below the computed threshold. The number of segmented pixels within the whole image size then easily produces not only a numeric fraction of the defective portion of inspected specimen but also the area occupied by the defect if the physical sizes and dimensional measurements of the specimen are known. The main part of the algorithm, however, revolves around devising a reliable computational method to obtain a certainty range in the reported defect size. Certainty range is needed as there physically exists a transition region (TR) between the defective and the immaculate parts of the investigated object that can not be put in either category. TR offers lesser contrast with the flawless part of the image than the pure defect areas. So a given defect is doubly quantified with and without appending the transition region around it with the aid of user-defined adjustability in the computed grayscale threshold. Then finally an average value of defect size is calculated along with an associated certainty. The presented algorithm is validated against physical measurements of some locally fabricated metallic plates having drilled holes of known sizes simulated as defects in them in which the results indicate that it correctly selects and quantifies at least 94.7% of the actual required regions of interest in a given image and it gives less than 8% false alarm rate. The algorithm is then applied to sizing of a wide range of defects commonly encountered in nuclear industry regarding reactor fuels. The images of nuclear fuels used as input in the program are collected from a reference standard source of neutron radiographs. The present work confirms the ability to quantify various kinds of defects such as chipping in nuclear fuel, cracks, voids, melting, deformation, inclusion of foreign materials, heavy isotope accumulation and non-uniformity etc. The classes of fuel range from those of research and power reactors to fast breeders, from fresh nuclear fuel to post-irradiate, and from pellets to annular and vibro-compacted fuel. It is also demonstrated that the program can handle a variety of image sizes, displays several output modes of image segmentation and works well without the need of any smoothening or eroding morphological operations.