Home > Using Job-Demands-Resources Model to Predict Job Performance Among It Employees in Pakistan With Mediating Role of Job Burnout, Work Engagement and Employees? Commitment and Moderating Role of Job Experience
Using Job-Demands-Resources Model to Predict Job Performance Among It Employees in Pakistan With Mediating Role of Job Burnout, Work Engagement and Employees? Commitment and Moderating Role of Job Experience
In the present study, Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model was used as an underlying model to study the development of Job Burnout, Work Engagement and their respective antecedents i.e., Job Demands and Job Resources in Information Technology sector of Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the researcher tested the fundamental assumptions of JD-R Model along with some new pathways where Job Demands and Job Resources directly and/or indirectly influenced Job Burnout and Work Engagement of Information Technology employees. The researcher also examined the direct impact of Job Demands and Resources on Employees? commitment and Job Performance. Moreover, the study was also conducted to explore the direct and/or indirect effect of Job Burnout and Engagement on commitment and performance of IT employees. This study further investigated the moderating role of Employees? experience in managing burnout, improving work engagement and overall performance of IT workforce. Total 260 usable responses were collected from 130 Public Sector and 130 Private Sector Information Technology employees in Pakistan. The researcher used a data mining software - SMART PLS3 to test direct, indirect, and interactive relationships among various constructs of the study.
Pakistan suffered from exhaustion and disengagement/cynicism due to Job Burnout which caused a reduction in their commitment towards their work and their organization. It was also found that there was an inverse relationship between burnout and job performance of IT employees in Pakistan. Interestingly, this study highlighted that IT specific job demands (Time pressure and Work Load) lead to burnout among IT employees but didn?t have had a direct negative impact on Employees commitment and performance outcomes.
The present study confirmed that IT employees in Pakistan are provided with Job resources like Self-efficacy and Work Control helped to reduce the negative impact of Time Pressure and Workload on their motivation and performance outcomes. Moreover, these resources have had a positive impact on Employees? energy and dedication towards their work. Further, it was observed that while IT related Job demands didn?t have a direct impact on Employees Commitment but through Engagement Job demands can be used to improve Employees? commitment. In the similar vein, the study proved that engagement in meaningful activities indirectly diminishes the negative impact of deadlines pressure and workload on the Job performance of IT employees. Self-efficacy and Work Control have reported having a weaker positive impact on Employees commitment but including Employee Engagement as a mediator fortifies the positive impact of Job resources on Employees? commitment. However, work engagement didn?t improve the insignificant positive impact of Job resources on Job Performance of IT employees.
This study tested both Continuance Commitment (CC) and Affective Commitment (AC) of IT employees. The results showed that IT employees in Pakistan, in general, have longer job tenure than organization tenure. Hence, it is implied that they are committed to their organizations due to need rather than desire. It was also noted that individual performance (IRB) of IT employees was better than overall organizational performance outcomes (OCB). Consequently, employees? commitment plays no role in improving job performance of employees. Moreover, this study provided no evidence for mediating role Employees? Commitment to Job Demands relationship with Job performance and Job Resources relationship with Job performance. This study reported interesting results regarding the moderating role of Experience. This study highlighted that experience neither play moderating role in reducing the negative impact of burnout on job performance nor it improves individual and organizational performance using Job resources.
Partial Least Square-Multigroup Analysis (PLS-MGA) was used to test the similarities and /or difference in the impact of Job-related demands and Resources on motivation, commitment and performance outcomes. It was found that Job Demands and Job resources of both sectors were different from each other. Similarly, the impact of Burnout on Employees commitment and the influence of Job Resources and Work Engagement on improving Job Performance of IT employees working in both Public and Private sector organizations of Pakistan sectors were also found to be significantly different from each other.
The findings of this research have had practical implications for Information Technology managers to formulate sustainable policies that reduce job burnout, encourage engagement, boost effective organizational commitment through retention of experienced employees and produce a productive and valuable workforce that contribute to improve organizational performance.
ناطق نے ناول میں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیاہے عصری دور میں جزئیات نگاری کواتنی اہمیت نہیں دی جاتی۔مصنف نے اس کے برعکس اپنے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں جزئیات نگاری کو بڑھا دیا ہے اور ہر ایک واقعے کی جزئیات کو بیان کیا ہے۔اس طرح ایک طرف تو تحریر میں خوبصورتی پیدا ہوئی پر ساتھ ساتھ کہانی غیر ضروری طوالت میں چلی گئی۔ وہ اپنی زندگی میں جن حالات سے گزر چکے ہیں انھوں نے ان سب کو بتانے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ایک ایک پل کو اس طرح بتایا ہے کہ قاری’’ضامن‘‘کی زندگی کو جزئیات نگاری کی وجہ سے مکمل جانتا ہے وہ کب ،کس پل ،کہاں ،کیا کرتا ہے سب باتوں کو ناطق نے تفصیلاًبیان کیا ہے۔بات یہ بھی درست ہے کہ جب قاری ناول پڑھتا ہے تو اسے خود حالات و واقعات کو مکمل جان لینے کی دھن ہوتی ہے۔اس لیے اگر مصنف نے ان حالات کو مدنظر نہ رکھا ہو تا تو ناول صرف ایک بیانیہ کہلاتا۔جزئیات نگاری قاری کی دلچسپی کو بڑھاتی ہے۔مصنف نے بھی ناول میں مکمل ماحول کا نقشہ قاری کے ذہن میں ابھارا ہے اپنی جزئیات نگاری کی مدد سے یہ قاری کیلئے انہماک کا ذریعہ ہے۔
Allama Usaid-ul-Haq Badayuni (1975-2014) was a great Islamic thinker, researcher and religious scholar. He wrote 14 Islamic books were on academic and research works. 17 books were arranged and prefaced by him. 12 books were translated and reviewed by him. 22 books were completed under his supervision. The book “Quran ki Saainsi Tafseer” (Scientific exegesis of Quran) authored by Allama Usaid-ul-Haq Qadri Badayuni is an educational, scholarly and critically acclaimed masterpiece. A comprehensive explanation and meaning of scientific exegesis are given at the beginning of this book. After that, the opinions of the modem and contemporary scholars regarding the justification and non-justification of the scientific interpretation are presented lucidly. The differences between the Quran and Science and several misinterpretations of the scientific exegesis have also been recorded. The conditions set by Islamic scholars and researchers regarding the justification of scientific exegesis have been explained in the book. This book of Allama Badayuni is a wonderful addition to the chapter of scientific exegesis in terms of research and critics. And this book will be remembered as an academic reference in the history of Indo-Pak. KEYWORDS
The pollution of the soil and water due to accidental/anthropogenic release of complex hydrocarbons has been a serious environmental problem all over the world.Current study focused on preparation of biochar from fruit and vegetable waste and sewage sludge and its application for bioremediation of diesel polluted soil. Biochar prepared was physio chemically characterized by pH, CEC, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, surface area and pore analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, nutrient analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Study was conducted at pilot scale. Both types of biochar was applied in diesel polluted soil in a pot experiment in combination with cow dung to evaluate their relative efficacy in bioremediation. Two set ups were run in parallel. In one set up amendments were applied on naturally contaminated soils while in second setup artificially contaminated soil was used. The diesel degradation was estimated by standard curve, FTIR and Gas chromatography.Physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, total carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium in soil were analyzed during treatment.Microbiological analysis was performed by CFU count and dehydrogenase activity. Soil microbial diversity was analyzed by Illumina 16S RNA sequencing. Analytical characterization of biochar depicted its crystalline nature with presence of carbon nanotubes and circular pores. Both types of biochar were aromatic, nutrient rich and thermostable materials. Higher percentage yield and ash content was obtained for sludge biochar while high fraction of fixed carbon was recorded in fruit/vegetable waste biochar. Fruit/vegetable waste biochar exhibited larger BET surface area of 52.50m2/g as compared to sludge biochar having surface area of 46.85m2/g. Results of diesel bioremediation studies showed that soil amended with biochar not only increased the soil pH, EC, nutrients and carbon content but also promoted the degradation of hydrocarbons. In Set up 1 diesel oil degradation efficiency recorded was up to 72.27±0.50% for fruit/vegetable waste biochar and 75.63±0.351% for sludge biochar. Highest removal efficiency was for SDN treatment with 82.86±0.60% following VDN treatment with removal capacity of 78.51±0.38%. In Set up 2 having artificially contaminated soil removal efficiency was recorded higher in both VDA and SDA with 76.23±0.42% and 73.24±0.21% while in treatments VA and SA it was 65.28±0.44% and 68.89±0.63% respectively. Highest microbial count and dehydrogenase activity was recorded in treatments having sludge biochar along with cow dung in both Set up 1 and in Set up 2. Microbial study of SDN treatment showing highest bioremediation efficiency indicated the presence of 27 different phyla with predominance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria contributing 29% and 19% to total bacterial community. Biochar amendment into soil to degrade hydrocarbons is very important consideration for research purposes and land applications as well. Another study was conducted with application of biochar for soil fertility and crop productivity purposes. In modern agriculture practices, application of biochar for improving soil fertility, plant growth and agriculture output is gaining great deal of attention. Both fruit/vegetable waste biochar and sludge biochar were applied separately and in combination to analyze their effect on wheat growth. Results proved that wheat growth and biomass production was highest at 0.5% concentration of biochar mixture while highest microbial count was observed with 1% sludge biochar. Promising wheat growth and shift in relative abundance of microbial community could be resulted from improvement in soil parameters such EC, total nitrogen and carbon along with phosphorous and potassium content. Our results conclude that the biochar amendment in soil at optimum level improve soil properties and stimulate soil microflora which in turn improves the agricultural performance of soil.