Wheat production is decreasing continuously due to heat stress in the developing countries especially Pakistan. Every 1 ?C rise in temperature is resulting in 10% reduction in the yield of wheat worldwide. Therefore in order to overcome shortage of food in the near future better analysis of the wheat crops as well as improved research mechanisms are needed to enhance heat resistance in the existing wheat varieties. Present study was conducted to assess heat tolerance variation among thirty synthetic-derived wheat lines in order to identify new sources of diversity that could accelerate the development of improved wheat genotypes better suited to meet the challenges posed by changing climate in Pakistan.
Plants were grown in plastic pots and heat stress was applied after post anthesis stage to determine the effect of heat stress on various morphological, agronomic and physiological traits. Heat stress significantly affected leaf area (LA), plant height (PH), number of fertile tillers (FT), Spike length (SL), Spikelet/spike (Sp/S), No. of seeds/Spike (NOS/S), 1000 seed weight (TSW), chlorophyll a and bcontent of leaves, membrane stability index (MSI) and also affected levels of proline. Statistical analysis of all the traits showed significant reduction in the particular trait as compared to their control data sets. Higher percentage reduction under heat stress reduced yields in (SDL1, 31.00), (SDL6, 32.00), (SDL29, 30.00) while minimum reduction under heat stress and maximum yield was observed for (SDL4, 45.00), (SDL5, 48), (SDL9, 44), (SDL12, 45.00), (SDL15, 49.00), (SDL19, 51.00), (SDL22, 45.00), (SDL23, 45.00) and (SDL27, 46.00) respectively. Reduction in physiological traits was recorded as 24.46% reduction in chlorophyll a (Chl-a), 28.19% chlorophyll b (Chl-b), 29.17% proline (Pro) content of leaf, 16.36% membrane stability index (MSI). In the same way in morphological trait a relative decrease in plant height (PH) 12%, days to physiological maturity (DM) 7.59%, fertile tillers (F/T) 21.43%, leaf area (LA) 25.58%, , spike length (SL) 25%, number of seeds per spike (NOS/S) 15.38%,and 1000 seed weight (TSW) 19.23%was observed. As a result it was observed that relative decrease in the yield contents in (SDL4), (SDL5), (SDL9), (SDL12), (SDL15), (SDL19), (SDL22), (SDL23) and (SDL27) was lesser as compared to all other genotypes so they can be considered as heat tolerant genotypes with potential to enrich genetic background of local wheat cultivars and can be used in breeding programs for the improvement of wheat production and can overcome food shortage in future.
اک دفعہ دی گل اے کہ اک ملک اتے اک رحم دل بادشاہ دی حکومت سی۔ اوس دا اک وزیر نال بہت پیار سی۔ وزیر دا اک پتر تے بادشاہ دی اک دھی سی۔ بادشاہ دی دھی بہت خوبصورت سی۔ جس پاروں اک جن اوہدے اتے عاشق ہو گیا تے اک دن موقع ملن تے اوس نوں چک کے لے جاندا اے۔ بادشاہ نوں جدوں پتہ لگا تاں اوس وزیر نوں اپنی دھی لبھن دا حکم دتا۔ بادشاہ نے اپنی حکومت وچ اعلان کروا دتا کہ جو کوئی میری دھی نوں لے آوے گا۔ میں اوہدے نال اپنی دھی دا ویاہ کروا دیواں گا۔
وزیر نے گھر آ کے اپنے پتر نال بادشاہ دی دھی نوں لبھن لئی کوشش کرن دی گل کیتی۔ وزیر دا پتر بادشاہ دی دھی نوں لبھن لئی گھروں ٹر پیندا اے۔ رستے وچ اوہنوں اک باندر ملدا اے۔ باندر چنے دی دال کھا رہیا ہوندا اے۔ باندر کجھ دال وزیر دے پتر نوں وی کھاون لئی دیندا اے۔ اوہ دال کھا لیندا اے۔ باندر اوس نوں پچھدا اے کہ کتھے جا رہیا ایں؟ اوہ ساری گل باندر نوں دسدا اے۔ باندر اوس نوں نال لے جاون لئی آکھدا اے۔ اوہدی رضا مندی نوں بعد دونویں اگلی منزل ول ٹرپیندے نیں۔
ٹرے جاندے رستے وچ اوہناں نوں اک حویلی وچ اک وڈا رسہ تے سہاگہ پیارا نظر آندا اے۔ باندر اوس نوں ایہہ دونویں چیزاں چکن نوں آکھدا اے۔ اوہ گل سن کے انکار کر دیندا اے۔ باندر اوس کولوں مڑ کھاہدی اپنی دال منگدا اے۔ اوہ سوال سن کے چپ کر جاندا اے تے دونویں چیزاں چک کے آگانہہ نوں ٹر پیندے نیں۔
تھوڑا سفر کرن توں بعد اوہ جن دے گھر اپڑ جاندے نیں۔ باندر جدوں...
Adolescent character education is extremely important. Promiscuity, rampant rates of aggression against children and youth, robberies against peers, juvenile theft, cheating behaviors, substance addiction, pornography, and the misuse of others' property have all been global issues that have yet to be fully addressed. The article explains the philosophy of adolescent character education, the function of adolescent character education, the urgency of adolescent character education, the factors that affect character education, and the enhancement of adolescent character education for adolescent promiscuity. Attitudes, emotions, will, values, and behaviors are all ingredients in the definition of character education for teenagers.
This study comprises Ph.D. work entitled: “Isolation and Analytical Characterization of Phytochemicals from Some Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants”. In this regard, five plants species namely Abies pindrow, Salvadora oleiodes, Aerva javanica, Alhagi maurorum (Alhagi camelorum) and Calligonum polygonoides were selected. The work described in this thesis comprises of extraction, isolation and identification of phytochemicals constituents using chromatographic, spectroscopic and x-rays crystallographic techniques. In all, 106 compounds were identified from these selected plant species. From Abies pindrow leaves, maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) (1) was isolated, which is neutral, heterocyclic aroma compound; widely known as food additive, antioxidant and metal ions chelator. In another study, eleven fatty acids including eight saturated and three unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C14 to C24 and eleven hydrocarbons including nine saturated two unsaturated ranging from C17 to C24 were identified from the leaves of Abies pindrow. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Salvadora oleiodes revealed the total 35 (94.0%) and 25 (91.1%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem, respectively. The major chemical constituent of the leaves and stem oil was 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Aerva javanica revealed the total 16 (82.96%), 16 (78.92%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem, respectively. The major chemical constituents of the leaves and stem oil were hentriacontane (21.48%) and nonacosane (23.26%), respectively. Aerva javanica seed essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and dry steam distillation (SD) extracting methods. Total 20 (90.5%) and 18 (95.6%) chemical constituents were identified, using HD and SD, respectively. The major constituent identified from seed essential oil was heptacosane. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Alhagi maurorum revealed the, total 16 (56.8%) and 21 (76.7%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem respectively. Preliminary phytochemicals screening revealed that alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and terpenoids are present in the roots, stems, buds, flowers and seeds of Calligonum polygonoides, whereas amino acids, cardiac glycoside and phlobatannins are absent. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of C. polygonoides revealed the, total 23 (97.3%), 25 (92.2%), 27 (68.42%), and 10 (82.12%) chemical constituents in oil of fruit, stem, buds and root respectively. The major chemical constituents of the fruit, stem, buds and root oil were (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (40.7%), hexadecanoic acid (42.9%), homovanillate (11.79%) and drimenol (29.42%), respectively. From C. polygonoides campesterol (102), stigmasterol (103), (3β,5α,24S)- stigmastan-3-ol (104), stigmast-4-en-3-one (105) and methandriol (106) were isolated. Extraction, isolation and identification of compounds were carried out by using latest sophisticated instrumental techniques. The chromatographic techniques were used to separate these compounds and the identities of these compounds were checked by physical and chemical methods. Finally the structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods including FTIR, UV, EIMS, 1H and 13 CNMR. The structures of these compounds were also further confirmed through x-ray crystallographic analysis.