Acinetobacter baumannii is considered one of the most portentous pathogens which showed resistance against various classes of antibiotics and chemical disinfectants, enabling it as one of the notorious nosocomial bacteria. The present study was planned with the objective to isolate and identify A. baumannii from various clinical isolates of hospitalized patients for the determination of antibiotic resistance profile against commonly used antimicrobial agents also to examine the function of armA in aminoglycoside resistance. A total of 460 clinical samples from different sources (pus, urine, blood, etc.) were collected from various tertiary referral healthcare of Lahore. 218 belonged to gram-negative bacteria.A. baumannii were identified initially based on culture characteristics on blood agar and MacConkey agar, microscopic morphological features followed by biochemical confirmation using slide catalase, tube catalase, and DNase test. Isolates were further analyzed for sensitivity against different antibiotics through Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique in accordance with the CLSI guidelines 2014. The MIC of Amikacin and Gentamicin was evaluated with the E-strips? (bioM?rieux, France). Isolates were screened for A. baumannii using A. baumannii Chrom? agar initially and by cefoxitin disk method. Later genetically confirmed by molecular typing of recA gene through PCR. Out of 218 clinical specimens, 68% (n=148) were found to be positive for A. baumannii, and the high rate of A. baumannii infections was found among male patients with a male to female ratio of 3 to 1 and within 21 to 40 years age group. All A. baumannii isolates exhibited a variable resistance pattern against Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Amikacin, Meropenem, Tobramycin, Doxycycline and Gentamicin except Colistin and Tigecycline. armA was present among 37 isolates which represent a high-level of resistance against the antimicrobials. In the present study, we concluded that A. baumannii is highly prevalent among patients hospitalized in Lahore and males were more vulnerable to A. baumannii infections. The isolates of A. baumannii showed greater resistance against the commonly utilized antimicrobial agents. Tigecycline along with colistin was observed as the most effectual drugs against the clinical specimens.
Islam gives complete guidance in every walk of life and has described clear rules in this regard. Family life is a core institution of society and playes a vital role in the welfare and prosperity of society. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) presented His comprehensive and beautiful character regarding family life. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the corelation between family life and society and how does family life plays its role in the development of socity
The basic purpose of software testing process is executing a program with the intent of finding software bugs. Software testing ensures that software would work as it was expected by the target customer and likely to fulfill the assigned functionality. Testing provide mechanism through controlled dynamic execution of software and comparing the result against the pre-determined criteria to ensure the evidence of software quality. Software testing involves the execution of software and observation of failure and fixing the fault that causes the failure. In this research work, conceptual framework is proposed for Testing as a Service (TaaS) to measure the scalability of e-learning and e-commerce applications. It can be provided as fully automated service in cloud having elastic resources that can be granted or ceased on demand for real software. TaaS will reduce cost by providing resource sharing during the test for large information technology (IT) companies. It will provide the scalable and virtualized environment to address the Software as a Service (SaaS) scalability. The goal is to provide on demand testing. E-learning and e-commerce applications will be validated through our web service. As in automated testing there are some licensing issues and human interactions required, but in case of Testing as a Service code will be automatically tested for developers and end users to validate the software and to get certificate for reliability and scalability of software. An Agent based Cloud Testing as a Service (ACTS) framework is developed for testing e-commerce and e-learning applications. Different agents collaborate to facilitate the software testing as a service in cloud environment. Different software agents are grouped together to perform specific testing type with in the integrated framework.