Media Framing of the ‘War on Terror’: The Case of Urdu-Language Elite Press During the Dictatorial Regime in Pakistan

This research is focused on press-government relationship on the issue of ‘War on Terrorism’ (WoT) during the dictatorial regime led by the then military ruler General Pervez Musharraf who remained in power till 2008 in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Global war against terrorism, generally known as ‘war on terror’ was actually started by the United States of America in the aftermath of 9/11 episode in 2001. Pakistan, on US demand, had not only become an important ally of the grand alliance formed under the umbrella of the United States but had also adopted the role of a frontline state just to fight the war against terrorism (WoT) alongside the war allies. Generally mass media have the potential to influence public opinion and help reshape the states’ policies on different issues. Likewise, mass media of Pakistan also took an active part in the war either by going alongside the then dictatorial government or against it. This research is based on examining the way the Urdu language elite press, the most popular mass media of Pakistan, covered the dictatorial regime of President General Pervez Musharraf with regard to its policy on the issue of ‘WoT’. Main purpose of this study is to know the nature of relationship between the Urdu-language elite press and the dictatorial government of Gen Musharraf in Pakistan with regard to their policy positions on ‘WoT’ from 2001 to 2008. Three newspapers including daily Jang, daily Nawa-I-Waqt, and daily Pakistan, considered to be representatives of the Urdu-language elite press of Pakistan, were selected for this study. The method used to measure the phenomenon is called framing where contents of the selected dailies were measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. Data were collected through systematic sampling method, while coding sheet was used as a tool for data collection. Unsigned main editorials of the selected newspapers were analyzed to examine the nature of relationship existed between the two entities i.e. The Urdu-language elite press, and the dictatorial government of Gen Pervez Musharraf, on the issue of ‘WoT’ in Pakistan. The results revealed that the selected elite newspapers, in general, remained critical to the dictatorial regime on the issue of ‘WoT’. The findings also revealed that daily Nawa-I-Waqt remained highly critical to the government as compared to its other contemporaries i.e. Daily Jang, and daily Pakistan. It was also revealed that the Urdu-language elite press while framing the ‘War on Terror’ remained somewhat supportive and rarely neutral to the dictatorial regime on it policy on ‘WoT’.

Inequalities for Bregman and Burbea-Rao Divergences and Related Results

Mathematical inequalities play an important role in almost all branches of mathe- matics as well as in other areas of science. The basic work ”Inequalities” by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya appeared 1934 and the books ”Inequalities” by Beckenbach and Bellman published in 1961 and ”Analytic inequalities” by Mitronovic published in 1970 made considerable contribution to this field and supplied motivation, ideas, techniques and applications. This theory in recent years has attached the attention of large number of researchers, stimulated new research directions and influenced various aspect of mathematical analysis and applications. Since 1934 an enormous amount of effort has been devoted to the discovery of new types of inequalities and the ap- plication of inequalities in many part of analysis. The usefulness of Mathematical inequalities is felt from the very beginning and is now widely acknowledged as one of the major deriving forces behind the development of modern real analysis. This Ph.D thesis deals with the inequalities for Bregman and Burbea-Rao divergences and some of its related inequalities, namely Jensen’s inequality, majorization inequality, Slater’s inequality and inequalities obtained by Mati ́ and Peˇari ́. c c c The first chapter contains a survey of basic concepts, indications and results from theory of convex functions and theory of inequalities used in subsequent chapters to which we refer as the known facts. In the second chapter we give an improvement of Jensen’s inequality for convex monotone function and various applications for related inequalities and divergences. ˇ In the third chapter we give Sapogov’s extension of Cebyˇev’s inequality and use this extension to prove majorization inequality. We also give mean value theorems for majorization inequality. As application, we present a class of Cauchy’s means and prove logarithmic convexity for differences of power means. In the fourth chapter we generalize some results of Mati ́ and Peˇari ́. We use a c c c log-convexity criterion and establish improvements and reverses of Slater’s and related inequalities. In the fifth chapter we give Bregman and Burbea-Rao divergences for double in- tegrals and matrices. We derive mean-value theorems for the divergences induced by C 2 -functions. As application, we present certain Cauchy type means. We prove pos- itive semi-definiteness of the matrices generated by these divergences which implies exponential convexity and log-convexity of the divergences. Also show the mono- tonicity of the corresponding means of Cauchy type. At the end we consider integral power means. In the sixth chapter we give several results for functions of two variables and majorized matrices by using continuous convex functions and Green function. We prove mean value theorems and give generalized Cauchy means. We give applications of those generalized means and show that they are monotonic. We prove positive semi-definiteness of matrices generated by differences deduced from the majorization inequalities for double integrals and majorized matrices which implies exponential convexity and log-convexity of these differences.