In Pakistan, thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorders which may lead to abnormal lipid profile. This study is an attempt to establish a more realistic reference range for thyroid related hormones (TSH, T4 & T3) and lipid profile of normal and diseased Rahim Yar Khan residents. This study has further explored correlation if any, among studied parameters of different experimental groups like metabolic syndrome patients (diabetic, hypertensive and hypotensive individuals), symptomatic thyroid patients and post-menopausal females. A total of 164 subjects were selected, comprising of experimental group (n = 106) and control group (n = 58) on the basis of questionnaire information. The control group included males (n = 34) and females (n = 24). The experimental group consisted of diabetic male (n = 11), diabetic female (n = 11), hypertensive individuals (Male = 10, Female = 10), hypotensive subjects (Male = 10, Female = 10), symptomatic thyroid patients (Male = 10, Female = 10) and post-menopausal women (n = 24). All serum samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones levels (TSH, T4, T3), total protein and lipid profile. For TSH estimation, solid phase ELISA was used while T3 and T4 were estimated using competitive ELISA technique. Total protein was assessed by biuret method. Lipid profile parameters were quantified by CHOD-PAP method. The statistical tools, SPSS 23 and Minitab, were used to assess precision of measurements (standard deviation), and to calculate, mean, range, Pearson bivariate correlation and level of significance.
The TSH level of diabetic, hypertensive and symptomatic thyroiditis patients exhibited significant up-regulation in comparison to normal controls. However, T4 of diabetic and symptomatic thyroiditis patients was down-regulated. While the members of hypotensive group demonstrated T4 up-regulation. The T3 level was down-regulated in all groups of both genders except hypotensive individuals which were found to have T3 level similar to normal controls. Total cholesterol and LDL was up-regulated excluding hypotensive group but LDL level depicted down-regulation in hypotensive males only. The HDL parameter exhibited up-regulation in diabetic, hypertensive and symptomatic thyroiditis males but observed to be down-regulated in hypotensive group. However, HDL level did not varied in any category of female subjects. Total protein level was down-regulated in all study individuals except members of diabetic group and symptomatic thyroiditis males. Analysis of diabetics has revealed an association of T3 with non- HDL parameters. While the symptomatic thyroiditis patients displayed strong positive correlation of TSH and non-HDL parameters. Hypertensive males and hypotensive females had strong positive correlation of total protein with non-HDL parameters. However, post-menopausal women have medium positive correlation of TSH with HDL and strong positive correlation of T3 with HDL. The profile of normal individuals correlated well with the international standards. However, most of the diseased subjects (diabetic, hypertensive, hypotensive and symptomatic thyroiditis Patients) exhibited hypothyroidism and post-menopausal females satisfied criteria of hyperthyroidism. There is need to further extend study on large scale to establish reliable association of studied metabolic syndromes, thyroid disorders and post-menopausal status with abnormal lipid and thyroid hormones profile.
اُمّیدبنو،تعمیر کرو سب مل کر پاکستان کی نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے طالب علم ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’اُمّیدبنو،تعمیر کرو سب مل کر پاکستان کی‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! امید مایوسی کو جڑ سے کاٹ کر رکھ دیتی ہے۔ قنوطیّت ا ور نا امیدی کی فضاء میں نشوونما پانے والا شجرکبھی بارآور ثابت نہیں ہوتا، امید ا یک نوید ِجاں فزا ہے، اُمید کی کرن ظلمت کدہ جہاں میں نور ثابت ہوتی ہے، امید کے سہارے چلنے والاشخص کبھی نہ کبھی در منزل پرضرور دستک دیتا ہے۔ صدرِمحفل! پاکستان ہمارا ملک ہے، پاکستان ہمارا وطن ہے، پاکستان ہماری پیاری سرزمین ہے، پاکستان ہماری جنت ہے، پاکستان کا ہر ذرّہ ہمیں جان سے بھی زیادہ پیارا ہے، پاکستان کے گل وگلستان پاکستان کے صحرا اور ریگستان ، پاکستان کے کھیت اور کھلیان ، پاکستان کے مزدور اور اور دہقان یہ سب ہمارے ہیں۔ صدرِذی وقار! اس کی جامعات ہمیں زیورِ تعلیم سے مزیّن کرتی ہیں، اس کے محراب وممبرسے ہمارے لیے وعظ و نصیحت کی صدائیں بلند ہوتی ہیں ، اس کے کھیت وکھلیان ہمارے لئے رزق وافر کا انتظام و انصرام کرتے ہیں، اس کی عدالتیں ہمارے لیے انصاف کا بندوبست کرتی ہیں اس کے گلستان و چمنستان ہمارے لیے نکہت و باد بہاری کا سامان بہم پہنچاتے ہیں۔ جنابِ صدر! تاجر ایماندار ہو گا تو تجارت معیاری ہوگی، منصف مجسمہ خلوص ہوگا تو عدالت کی کرسی اقربا پروری اور رشوت ستانی کی گرد سے صاف ہوگی ، واعظ وخطیب جب صاحب علم و عمل ہوگا تو محراب وممبر سے بلند ہونے والی آواز یں پُر تاثیر ہوںگی ، باغبان کی نیت ٹھیک ہوگی تو گلشنِ...
It goes without saying that peace has been a hot issue in the past; it is, still, a vital topic of discussion today, and it seems to continue to draw the attention of people in the future. We witness wars and destructions in several parts of the world. This has led to killings of millions of people, left innumerable number of families broken and displaced millions of people. We need to address it earnestly. The author of this dissertation has specified this topic with reference to the Holy Qur’ān, because being the book of Allāh Almighty, it means to us as the final constitution, the ultimate torchlight for our guidance, and a great blessing to the whole world. Peace means to be free from the calamities in this world and in the hereafter. Usually, peace is used to imply an opposition to war and violence between the nations. Peace is a virtue and it means absence of evil, and, therefore, it is always praiseworthy. The author of this paper deals with this topic by dividing it into six sections. These are, ‘The Peace’ as one of the divine names of Allāh Almighty; Peace equals good; Peace is praiseworthy; Peace in the sense of conciliation and security; Peace in the sense of customary Islamic salutation; and Refutation of the objection that Islām was spread by sword.
Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) belongs to family Vitaceae and is one of the top ranked fruit of world. It has a rich amount of genetic diversity. According to an estimate there are more than 10,000 cultivars of grapes that exist in nature. It is a highly nutritious fruit and has countless health benefits. However, in our country it is grown as a minor fruit and its production is too low to meet the demand for people.High quality grapes production is achieved in the world through morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization but little effort has been made in Pakistan to characterize grapes. Characterization of grapes is of great concern to estimate diversity and is a step forward toward effective and efficient use of germplasm. Potohar is one of the neglected areas which is rich in grapes diversity. The present study was planned to characterize local and exotic genotypes present in Potohar, Pakistan on the base of morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. In morphological qualitative characterization, 44 qualitative traits were selected from IPGRI descriptor. These morphological traits performed a significant role in analyzing grape diversity but the major traits that discriminate the genotypes included mature leaf variables (ML: DPHMV, ML: DPHMV, ML: DEHMV) and young leaf variables (YL: DPHBV, YL: DPHMV and YL: DEHMV). PCA grouped all genotypes on the base of their phenotypic relation and cluster analysis divided the genotypes in to three main classes. Genotypes in each class were similar on the basis of morphological characteristics. Regarding grape quantitative traits, great differences were observed in bunch and berry characteristics (length, width and weight). Local genotypes were more prominent in these characteristics while exotic genotypes Regenia, Perlet and Early White were evaluated as early mature genotypes to prevent berry rot at maturity due to monsoon rains in Potohar, Pakistan. Biochemical analysis indicated notable variations among the genotypes in all quantitative parameters of sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannose, ribose and xylose), enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and in phenolic components. In sugars, reducing sugars, xylose, total sugars and ribose played their contributory role in discriminating genotypes. SOD, POD and CAT had positive correlation in genotypes Gola, Gol, Chakwal Selection, Chesslas-B and White Seedless. Cluster analysis of biochemical attributes divided the genotypes in three main classes on the base of similarity. Variations observed within class was 49.96% while the variation observed between classes was 50.04%. In genetic characterization, 12 SSR primers produced distinguishing results and showed a highly polymorphic result with maximum PIC values 0.654, 0.662 and 0.565 in primers VMC4A1, VVMD32 and VrZAG62, respectively.One synonym case was also identified in the study. BRI-001 and Sundar Khani showed 95.83% similarity between them and from 24 alleles, 23 of them were similar. In PCA plot, genotypes Sundar Khani and BRI-001 were too close to each other and were merged into each other which showed that these two genotypes were very similar in genetic characteristics. Similarly, in cluster analysis, both genotypes Sundar Khani and BRI-001 were in same class and had the least distance between them which showed similarity in them. Besides these two genotypes all genotypes present in Potohar showed diversity on a molecular basis which concluded that grape genotypes present in Pakistan have huge diversity and can be successfully used to improve existing genotypes.