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چار اپریل کا وہ دن مجھے آج بھی اچھی طرح یاد ہے ۔کراچی میں ٹیپو سلطان روڈ پر واقع گھر کے باہر کھڑا تھا جب گلی گلی بٹنے والے خصوصی ضمیمے کی ایک کاپی میرے بھی ہاتھ آ گئی ۔اس لیے بھاگا بھاگا اندر دوڑا اور لا کر والد صاحب کے سامنے پیش کیا ۔انہوں نے ضمیمہ ہاتھ میں لیا ۔سرخی پر نظر پڑتے ہی جیسے سکتے میں آ گئے ۔آنکھیں جھپکنا بند ہو گئیں اور وہ بس اخبار کو تکتے رہے ۔کئی لمحے ایسے ہی گزر گئے میں نے انہیں ذرا ہلا کر پو چھا ۔’’آپ ٹھیک ہیں ‘‘انھوں نے گھور کر میری طرف دیکھا ۔ اس لمحے مجھے ان کی آنکھوں میں بہت غصہ نظر آ یا ۔جو جلد ہی گہرے صدمے میں بدل گیا ۔
ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پھانسی پر ہمارے گھر میں سوگ کا ماحول تھا اور ملک کے طول و عرض میں گہرا خوف ۔کسی کو یقین نہیں آ رہا تھا جنرل ضیاء اس حد تک جا سکتے ہیں ۔لیکن شاید ضیاء نے اپنی بقا کے لیے رحم کی تمام اپیلیں مسترد کر کے بھٹو کو تختہ ٔ دار پر لٹکا نا ناگزیر سمجھا ۔
ضیاء کے مارشل لا کی مخالفت کر نے والوں کے خلاف پہلے سے کریک ڈائون جاری تھا ۔ہر طرف ملٹری حکام کے ہاتھوں سیاسی کارکنوں کی پکڑ دھکڑ جاری تھی ۔خیر پور میں ہمارے گھروں پر فوجیوں نے چادر و چار دیواری کا تقدس پامال کرتے ہوئے چڑھائیاں کیں ۔خاندان کے کچھ مرد ادھر ادھر چھپ گئے لیکن دادا اور والد صاحب کو فوجیوں نے ہتھکڑیاں لگا کر پہلے تھا نے اور پھر جیل میں ڈال دیا ۔ایسے میں جیے بھٹو کا نعرہ فوجی آمریت کی مزاحمت بن گیا ۔ضیا اور اس کے ساتھی...
The concept of Secularism came to the Muslim world after Renaissance. Historically, the initial thoughts on the subject are found in the teachings of Greek Philosophers like Epicurus and Zeno. It was at first a discussion regarding the separation of religion and the state, the scientific advancements and the regime system in Modern Europe. Religion was considered as an obstacle by the West in their progress on the basis of reason and inquiry. Adaptation of secular approach helped the western countries to flourish in material fields. In Islamic world, secularism was not seen as a threat for religion before the twentieth century. Under colonization of many Muslim countries and particularly after the demise of Ottoman Empire which paved way to abolish Caliphate, the Muslim states adopted various western secular laws. Moreover, the Muslim countries went under heavy debts taken from European countries. They relied on foreign advisors and western education system for progress. The concept regarding the authority of Caliph changed. During the twentieth century, Muslim countries suffered politically and their geographical frontiers were changed. It created a kind of revolution in Muslim states. Revival of religious authority in modern political Muslim states is visible in central eastern countries during the last fifty years.
The present work was aimed to appraise the biological activities and toxic potential of medicinal plant extracts of Ricinus communis, Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium. Different parts of selected plants were extracted separately through different extraction techniques using methanol which were further fractionated using polarity base solvents. The methanolic extracts as well as fractions were assayed for antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic (hemolytic, brine shrimp) and mutagenic (Ames) studies. The identified compounds from different plant parts were analyzed through advanced techniques such as GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR. The proximate composition of whole plant was also studied and variations in parameter were recorded among selected plants. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals screening, were also performed that these medicinal plants were rich source of different phytoconstituent. The biological assays showed that selected medicinal plants exhibited considerable antioxidant potential and selected plants extracts were also showing promising antimicrobial potential. It was also depicted from current study that the plant extracts also have potential of DNA protective conducted on the pBR322 DNA induced by UV and H2O2. The plant extracts found to be cytotoxic as evident from hemolytic, brine shrimp lethality and mutagenic activity by Ames test at variable levels. From in vivo study it was proved that Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium showed significant toxicity and developed micronucleus and also proved cellular damage against vital organs like liver and kidney. Amino acids of selected plant seeds were also profiled in which isoleucine and tryptophan remains undetectable among essential amino acids. Chemical compounds of selected plants oils were identified by GC-MS which showed significant antimicrobial activity against the selected microbial species. In LC-MS of methanolic extracts analysis wide ranges of phenolic compounds were documented. Moreover, compounds were also purified from methanolic extracts through column chromatography and characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques like 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and ESI-MS, following compounds like apigenin, ursolic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were first time reported from these plants. The current research study explored the selected medicinal plants in a very comprehensive fashion and presented their different biological aspects. In future these results may be used as foundation for large scale extraction and isolation of different bioactive compounds and their applications. Furthermore, detailed trials are recommended including animal model and cell lines.