The study was conducted in two private high schools in district Gilgit of Gilgit-Baltistan to find out headteachers? perceptions and practices about school improvement, their leadership strategies to lead the school improvement initiatives and also the challenges they face to this end. I used a qualitative paradigm with an interpretivist epistemology. Semi-structured interviews, document analysis/review, focused group discussion/interview and participant observations were used as tools for data collection to triangulate the findings. Researcher adopted a thematic approach to data analysis, which helped me to identify the major themes and then to add the sub-themes from across the data.
The findings show that the headteachers perceive school improvement as a sustained data-driven process to improve the schools? academic, administrative affairs and the holistic development of the children. To this end, they applied various strategies starting from developing a joint purpose for school improvement to leading the schools by examples, effective school development plan, capacity building of teachers, regular assessment of students? learning, headteachers? instructional role, parental involvement and changes in school culture and effective monitoring of the schools? affairs, which are equally workable in all context and thus seemed universal in their application for school improvement. The study, however, also found that school improvement initiatives are not like swimming in placid water rather than it is a complex process and therefore, the head teachers face lots of challenges such as, teachers? retention, uncooperative parents, absence of teachers? induction programme, poor economy of parents and lack of residential facilities for non-local teachers. The findings of the study confirmed most of the school improvement studies carried out in Pakistan and abroad. However, two of the findings of this study, i.e., (a) Child holistic development as one of the important elements of school improvement and (b) the headteachers? sustained monitoring mechanisms of school improvement seen value addition to the research studies about School Improvement.
اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ اک گھر وچ اک چڑی تے اک بلی رہندے سن۔ دونویں آپس وچ دوست سن تے اک دوجے نال پیار کردے سن۔ چڑی بہت سدھی سادی تے بلی بہت چالاک تے خودغرض سی۔ اوہناں دونواں رل کے روزہ کجھ نہ کجھ پکانا، پر بلی نے چڑی دی نسبت بہتا کھا جانا۔ اک دن دونواں نے کھیر پکاون دا فیصلہ کیتا۔ بلی نے حامی بھر لئی تے آکھیا توں دکان توں جا کے چاول لے آ۔ باقی داسامان میں لے کے آندی آں۔ چڑی نے چاول لے آندے تے باقی دا سامان بلی لے کے آئی۔ دونواں رل کے کھیر پکانی شروع کیتی بلی کھاون پیون وچ چڑی نالوں اگے تے تیز سی۔ کھیر بناون دا بہتا کم چڑی نے کیتا تے بلی اوس بیٹھی ویکھدی رہی۔ جدوں کھیر پک گئی تاں چڑی نے کھیر کھاون لئی پلیٹاں تے چمچے میز اتے رکھ دتے تے بلی نوں آکھیا کہ باجی جلدی نال آجائو، بھکھ بہت لگی ہوئی اے۔ بلی نے آکھیا مینوں گرمی بہت لگ رہی اے۔ نہا لواں فیر کھاواں گے۔ چڑی بہت حیران ہوئی کہ بلی نے ایس توں پہلاں کدے انج نئیں آکھیا۔ خیر جدوں بلی نہا کے آئی، تاں اوس چڑی نوں آکھیا کہ ہن توں نہا لے۔ گرمی بہت اے میں کھیرا دا خیال رکھدی آں۔ چڑی بلی دی گل مندے ہوئے نہاون چلے گئی۔
چڑی دے جاون توں بعد بلی نے چھیتی چھیتی ساری کھیر کھاہدی تے بیمار ہوون دا بہانہ کر کے لمی پے گئی۔ جدوں چڑی آئی تاں کھیر ختم ہو گئی سی۔ اوس بلی کولوں پچھیا کہ کھیر کتھے اے؟ سارے برتن الٹے کس کیتے نیں؟ کھیر کون کھا گیا اے؟ اوس آکھیا کہ کاں کھا گیا اے۔ میں اوسنوں منع وی کیتا...
Objective: To determine the effect of static stretching of hamstring muscle on the non-specific low back pain.
Methodology: A Quasi-Experimental study was conducted in Rabia Moon Institute of Neurology which total 30 participants were included through non-probability purposive sampling. Thirty participants were selected who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, they were divided into two groups; group A or treatment group received conventional physiotherapy treatment as well a static stretching exercise protocol for 5 days. Group B or control group received conventional physiotherapy treatment only. VAS (Visual analog scale) and Oswestry Disability questionnaire, SFGD (Standing Finger to ground Distance,) PSLR (passive straight leg raise) for both legs were measured pre- and post-treatment.
Result: A total of 30 patients aged 20-55 were included in the study. Mean age of the participants was found to be 37.88 years. The difference in means of all the assessment parameters pre and post-treatment for both groups were analyzed through paired t-test. There was a significant improvement in VAS, SFGD, Passive Straight leg Raise PSLR (right leg), PSLR (left leg) and level of disability pre- and post-treatment in the treatment group.
Conclusion: This present study concluded that static stretching of hamstrings is effective in decreasing non-specific low back pain.
Human Resource Management of Paktel has significant role to play in the growth of an organization.
Consequently, HRM aspect from induction to its sequential element of development, performance appraisal
and placement has been dilated upon in the report. Data has been ferreted out from the reports, manuals and
related available documents Salary/emoluments have not been made part of the report on account of its
variation affects upon various cadres.
Last part of the report encompasses certain analysis followed by the recommendations. However, it
management puts an efforts to run the organization to best of their ability therefore analysis may be taken as
academic and idealistic to be arrangements but the criticism. Rather avowed admission is being made that HRM
deptartment of Paktel is yielding optimum performance to maintain the role of the organization as viable and
dynamo in its manifestation.
It would be out of place if earnest tribute and appreciation is not extended to the HRM dept for their forthright
assistance and guidance to accomplish the task in a befitting manner without which it would not have been
possible to consummate the ambition of workable report on the organization. I shall remain indebted to the
management in contributing for my personal development of equipping administration knowledge in the
course of this assignment.
It may be confessed vividly that all said about, is not the official version hence management in no way remains
under obligation. However, dedicated attempt has been made to remain as close to the reality of the information
as possible.