Home > Antimicrobial and Antifungal Effect of Ginger Zingiber Officinale , Green Tea Camellian Sinensis and Neem Azadirachta Indica on Selective Bacterial and Fungal Pathogensof Crop Plants: A Comparative Study
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Effect of Ginger Zingiber Officinale , Green Tea Camellian Sinensis and Neem Azadirachta Indica on Selective Bacterial and Fungal Pathogensof Crop Plants: A Comparative Study
Plants have been a source of food, medicines and many other daily life products since primitive
times. Bacterial and fungal pathogen attack reduces crop yield. Phytochemicals as biocides can
kill microbes. In this study extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes (Ginger), leaves of
Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Camellian sinensis (Green tea) applied on bacterial strains,
Xanthomonas syringae, and fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata, to check their antibacterial
and antifungal activity respectively. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared. Ethanolic and
aqueous extracts showed a different yield. The bacterial pathogen was grown on ?Nutrient Agar
media (NA)? and the fungal pathogen was grown on ?Potato Dextrose Agar media (PDA)?.
Antibacterial and antifungal potential of plant extracts were observed at two different stages (at
the time of inoculation and after growth of pathogen on media). The method used for assessing
the inhibition zone was ?Agar Well Diffusion method?. MIC was also measured by ?Micro Broth
Dilution Method?. Ethanolic extract of green tea showed the highest inhibition zone on
Xanthomonas compestris was 12.5?1.0mm while lowest inhibition zone of 6.0?0.5mm was due
to the aqueous extract of green tea. Antimicrobial activity of other extracts was in between these
two ranges. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome and neem
leaves was 11.5?1.0, 6.0?1.0, 11.5?1.0, and 7.5?0.5, respectively. Aqueous extract of ginger
rhizome showed no antifungal activity while antibacterial activity was 3.0?0.5mm. The lowest
antibacterial activity was shown by the ethanolic extract of neem and the lowest antifungal
activity was also due to the aqueous extract of neem with the inhibition zone of 0.8?1.0 and
1.0?0.5mm, respectively. Highest antibacterial and antifungal activity were shown by aqueous
extract of green tea leaves with the inhibition zone of 12.5?1.0 and 3.0?0.6mm, respectively.
MIC values of aqueous extract of ginger rhizome and green tea leaves were 158.3mg/ml for
Alternaria alternata, which is the highest MIC for the fungal pathogen. However, the lowest MIC
value for Alternaria alternata was 75mg/ml by ethanolic extract of neem leaves. The others
extract showed antifungal MIC value in between these two ranges. Findings of the study will help
in agriculture disease control management on pathogens of wheat such as X. syringae, and A.
alternata. Advance researches are obligatory to explore interaction and microbial growth
inhibition mechanisms of divergent phytochemicals from different plants. The awareness of the
effectiveness of pooled extracts can be expanded from food implementations to the
pharmacological and chemical field.
والیؔ آسی ۱۴؍ اپریل کو اردو کے ایک خوش گو اور خوش فکر شاعر والی آسی کا انتقال ہوگیا، انہیں شاعری اور اردو زبان کی خدمت کا ولولہ اپنے نامور والد، مولانا عبدالباری آسی مرحوم سے وارثت میں ملا تھا۔ والی مرحوم کی تعلیم ممتاز اسکول اور امیر الدولہ اسلامیہ کالج لکھنؤ میں ہوئی تھی۔ جناب ساجد لکھنوی سے ان کی دوستی تھی، دونوں نے لاٹوش روڈ پر مکتبہ دین و دنیا قائم کیا، جہاں سے متعدد مجموعے شائع کئے، دونوں نے مل کر نعتیہ کلام کا ایک مجموعہ " ارمغانِ نعت" کے نام سے مرتب کر کے شائع کیا تھا، جو بہت مقبول ہوا۔ والی مرحوم شریف، ملنسار مگر خود دار شخص تھے، صوم و صلوٰۃ کے پابند تھے ان کی شاعری فکر و خیال کی مہارت اور اسلامی رنگ کی حامل ہوتی تھی، ان کے دو مجموعے ’’شہد‘‘ اور ’’موم‘‘ کے نام سے شائع ہوچکے ہیں، رسالوں میں بھی ان کا کلام چھپتا رہتا تھا، مشاعروں میں بھی شریک ہوتے تھے، ان کا ترنم بہت اچھا تھا مگر اکثر تحت اللفظ پڑھتے تھے، آواز اتنی پاٹ دار ہوتی تھی کہ سامعین خود بہ خود متوجہ ہوجاتے تھے، اپنے جان دار کلام کی وجہ سے ملک کے علاوہ دوحہ، قطر، مسقط، جدہ، دبئی، لندن، اور نیویارک کے مشاعروں میں بھی مدعو کئے جاتے تھے، ان کے شاگردوں کا وسیع حلقہ تھا، جن میں مشہور شاعر منور رانا بھی ہیں، وہ بڑے یار باش تھے، امین آباد میں ان کی دکان پر دوست شاعروں کا جمگھٹ رہتا تھا۔ ان کے چند اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں، جو آزادی کے پچاس ۵۰ برس گزرنے کی مناسبت سے کہے گئے ہیں: کبھی کیا نہ کسی سے بیاں پچاس برس کہ ہم نے کیسے گزارے یہاں پچاس برس یہ چاہتے تھے قصیدہ ترا لکھیں لیکن لہو میں ڈوبی رہیں انگلیاں پچاس...
Islam emphasizes on the establishment of a just society and it is the foremost duty of every Muslim to strive for that. A society can experience peace as long as justice prevails therein; it faces problems only when injustice becomes order of the day. Justice or injustice is the byproduct of human behavior and interaction which at times lead to disputes and conflicts. Justice needs settlement of disputes and conflicts. For that matter it is necessary for judicial system to be in place. The present paper represents a humble attempt to explain and analyze judicial system as developed by the umntah
Expertise in academic writing provides opportunities to the graduate students to produce high quality papers and assignments for successful completion of their graduates' courses. Therefore, formative feedback strategies helped students to produce quality assignments. The study has highlighted several factors that impede the process of feedback. Understanding these factors, therefore, was integral in helping students to improve their written assignments at the graduate level. This study aimed to explore graduate students' perceptions about formative feedback strategies on their written assignments in a public sector university in Pakistan. Six students from the final cohort of the four-year B.Ed. programme were selected purposefully as primary participants and two teachers; one Assistant professor and one senior Lecturer were selected as secondary participants. Data generated from teachers' interviews helped in triangulation of the findings. In addition, data collection tools were document analysis, interviews from teachers and focus group discussion with students. The data were analyzed based on Creswell's model of analysis (2013) that dealt with organization of the raw data, general sense making, codification and identification of emerging themes. Moreover, there is a continuous back and forth approach by reading and rereading the data repeatedly. The study revealed that students perceived teachers' feedback on their writing as incredibly important for the quality of their written assignments. They were of the view that teachers were using different forms of formative feedback strategies such as debriefing conferences, corrective and directive feedback, facilitative feedback and peer feedback. Furthermore, the entire discourse also revealed few important hindering factors such as teachers' workload, teachers' lack of competency, lack of permanent teaching faculty, and institutional policy. Moreover, the students articulated concerns such as teachers were reluctant and not professionally equipped to provide effective feedback on their writing specimens. The findings have implications for teachers to think and rethink about their feedback strategies in classroom particularl producing well-written assignments for a graduate course. In other hand, students are also need to understand the improtance of peer and self assessment than that to rely on teachers feedback for all the time. Moreover, Roushan University needs to make formative feedback as an integral part of the policy framework to focus of the development of graduate students' writing skills to meet the demands of a graduate course.