Avian orthoavulaviruse-1 (AOAV-1) including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic
and animal health concerns in developing countries. Live Bird Markets (LBMs) in Asian
countries are considered as hubs for the spread and maintenance of different avian infectious
diseases. In developing countries, poultry trade is characterized by complex chains comprising of
many factors with limited biosecurity. In Pakistan, there is lack of uniformity in practices used in
LBMs, leading to heavy impact in the spread of the disease. A cross-sectional survey was
conducted to identify risk factors associated with AOAV-1 infections and their genetic
characterization in LBMs from eight-towns of Lahore district during 2016-2018. A total of 189
poultry stalls (n=1015 birds) distributed in eight-towns were visited and a pool of 5-6
oropharyngeal swab samples was collected from each stall and tasted by RT-PCR for the Fusion
(F) gene. Ninety-one (91) of 189 swab samples were found positive for AOAV-1s.The overall
prevalence of the AOAV-1in poultry stalls was 48.14% (95% Cl = 41.13-55.24) observed. Data
for eleven potential risk factors acquired through detailed questionnaires were analyzed by
survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors
were calculated. A total of 24 AOAV-1 isolates were sequenced to examine the circulating
genotype through complete F-gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to
sub-genotype VIIi, genotype VII class II. This study provides important information on
epidemiology and control of AOAV-Iin Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing
surveillances and biosecurity practices in LBMs.
The learning process in the Palu State Islamic Education Madrasah has run as it should, although in terms of strategies, methods, and learning media used varies according to the conditions, both the material and the condition of the students, and the ability of the teacher itself is different from one another. Blended learning based learning at the Palu Model State Islamic Education Madrasah is considered effective and efficient because teachers are not preoccupied with making material designs, simply accessing the internet is needed including practice in the form of videos so that it will facilitate teachers, both in terms of time, effort and cost. The challenge of blended learning is that teachers are required to be more creative and able to use internet networks. While the opportunity is the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri Model Palu already equipped with network facilities and infrastructure that can support blended learning.
Experimental design, used to study the effect of some factors on a process, have wide application in modern scientific research. Main purpose of this research project is the study and construction of complete diallel cross (CDC) design and partial diallel cross (PDC)design by method of cyclic shifts. Diallel cross designs for block designs were developed by different authors. Schmidt (1919) first introduced “the Diallel Cross Design”. Following the main structure of diallel cross deigns, a new designs for different classes of designs are constructed by method of cyclic shifts. This technique is useful to establish several series construction plans. Optimality and efficiency of different classes of designs are also obtained in this project. Uddin and Morgan (1990) derive a general construction technique for specific classes of balanced incomplete block designs with nested rows, which impose more restriction on parameters. A general balanced incomplete block designs with nested rows and columns construction technique is derived by Shaffer and Srivastav(2009). The universal optimality of all designs arising from the construction techniques is also obtained. In this thesis, we are followed the proposed model (for unblocked situation) of Ghosh and Das (2003), we have constructed CDC and PDC design using a new method called cyclic shifts. The significant aspect of method of cyclic shifts is that the properties of a design can be obtained from the off-diagonal elements of the concurrence matrix without constructing the actual blocks of the design. The newly proposed designs possess the property of A-optimality for some specific values of v, b and block size.