Devasahayam: The First Martyr For Jesus Christ In Travancore

Travancore was the first and foremost among the princely states of India to receive the message of Jesus Christ. According to tradition, St. Thomas the Apostle came to India in 52 A.D. He made many conversions along the west coast of India. It had to the beginning of the Christian Community in India from the early Christian era. He attained martyrdom in 72 A.D. At Calamina in St. Thomas mount, Madras. He was the first to be sacrificed for the sake of Christ in India. During the close of the second century A.D. The Gospel reached the people of southern most part of India, Travancore. Emperor Constantine deputed Theophilus to India in 354 A.D. To preach the Gospel. During this time the persecution of Christians in Persia seemed to have brought many Christian refugees to Malabar coast and after their arrival it strengthened the Christian community there. During the 4th century A.D. Thomas of Cana, a merchant from West Asia came to Malabar and converted many people. During the 6th century A.D. Theodore, a monk, visited India and reported the existence of a church and a few Christian groups at Mylapore and the monastery of St. Thomas in India. Joannes De Maringoly, Papal Legate who visited Malabar in 1348 has given evidence of the existence of a Latin Church at Quilon. Hosten noted many settlements from Karachi to Cape Comorin and from Cape Comorin to Mylapore. The Portuguese were the first European power to establish their power in India. Under the Portuguese, Christians experienced several changes in their general life and religion. Vas-co-da-gama reached Calicut on May 17, 1498. His arrival marked a new epoch in the history of Christianity in India. Many Syrian Catholics were brought into the Roman Catholic fold and made India, the most Catholic country in the East. Between 1535 to 1537 a group of Paravas were converted to Christianity by the Portuguese. In 1544 a group of fishermen were converted to Christian religion. St. Francis Xavier came to India in the year 1542. He is known as the second Apostle of India. He laid the foundation of Latin Christianity in Travancore. He could make many conversions. He is said to have baptized 30,000 people in South India. Roman Congregation of the propagation of Faith formed a Nemom Mission in 1622. The conversion of the Nairs was given much priority. As a result, several Nairs followed Christian faith particularly around Nemom about 8 k.m. South of Trivandrum. Ettuvitu pillaimars, the feudal chiefs began to persecute the Christians of the Nemom Mission. Martyr Devasahayam, belonged to the Nair community and was executed during the reign of Marthandavarma (1729-1758). It is an important chapter in the History of Christianity in South India in general, and of Travancore in particular.

Inflation Structure and its Determinants in Pakistan With Reference to Agriculture Sector

Inflation affects distribution of income both and wealth. Nominal incomes of some individuals tend to increase with others remain constant inflation, while those of change in the distribution of thus causing a income in favour of group. During early 1970s, it was realized the former the complex that and multidimensional problem of inflation needs a systematic and scientific understanding, examination, investigation and analysis. This study was undertaken to analyze process in Pakistan with reference monetarist, structuralist and the inflationary agriculture to combined and sector. agricultural bottleneck models were used in the analysis of data. A 27 variables were used for Pure the analysis. In all total of the models, annual growth rate in wholesale price index, consumer price index and implicit GNP deflator were considered as dependent variables and regressed with different combinations of variables to examine the effectiveness of these variables on inflation. In monetarist model, Supply), V10 (Annual V5 (Annual Growth Rate year In lag) were found to increase structuralist model, [International + Inter-wing) the V17 one in Consumer Price Index inflation rate. (Imports as per cent of vii in Money in Wholesale Price Index year lag), and Vll (Annual Growth Rate one Growth Rate GNP), + V19 Exports (Extent of ''HP the Non-Con in odity for Incremental Growth in GDP Accounts Producing Sectors), V24 {Indirect Tax Revenues as per cent of and V 2 5 were Taxes in Total Taxes) (Share o£ Indirect variables mostly found causing inflation, whereas, V27 Remittances as per cent of GNP) seemed the to decrease GNP) the ( Hone level of inflation. that V18 While combining the above two models, it was found and V23 (Divergence between (Annual Growth Rate in Import Prices) Inflation Food inflation, Prices while enhanced Index), Price Remittances as per (Home V27 declined significantly Overall and inflation the as home cent of the GNP) remittances increased. The study depicted V22 (extent of excess that the variable on agriculture sector Demand for Food) did not significantly increase inflation. However, it was found that not support inflation in the the variable does structuralist model, while in combined model it does. Results indicated that less than half of the inflation 1 1 experienced by Pakistan over the period 1939-60 to 1979-80 could il be ii attributed to in terna t iona 1 domestic policy action greater factors to reduce and the rate thus of the scope for inflation was than what was thought to have been the case until now. Further studies in the areas of domestic supply of agriculture commodities, imports and exports of agricultural output were suggested in Pakistan to determine the actual inflationary movements and pertinent policy implications,