Home > Biological Processing of Agro Industrial Waste Corn Stover for Induced Production of Phytase by Schizophylum Commune and its Practical Applications
Biological Processing of Agro Industrial Waste Corn Stover for Induced Production of Phytase by Schizophylum Commune and its Practical Applications
Phytase is an industrial important enzyme which has the ability to breakdown the phytic acid into
myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate. In this regard, present research was designed to produce
phytase enzyme from cost effective and abundant source like corn stover as a solid substrate in
the presence of fungus Schizophyllum commune. Furthermore, the phytase was produced and
optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) using different factors such as
temperature (25, 35, 45?C), pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), time of incubation (1, 3, 5, 7 days), moisture level
(10, 30, 50, 70%), nitrogen level (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.183g) and inoculum size (1, 2, 3.5, 5,
7.049ml). The maximum phytase activity (498.98U/mL) was recorded with optimized conditions
like temperature 45?C, pH 6, time of incubation 1 day, moisture level 70%, nitrogen level 1.5g
and inoculum size 5mL. In addition to that enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate
precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. For ammonium sulphate precipitation salt range
was kept from 20% to 90%. Maximum precipitation of phytase was observed at 50%. Dialysis of
protein was done in buffer of pH 6 for 6 hours altering buffer after time interval of two hours. For
further purification, column chromatography with Sephadex G-100 was used and out of 32
elutions, no.17 elution showed maximum absorbance on spectrophotometer at 820nm. Besides
that, characterization of crude enzyme for optimum temperature and pH was done. Range of pH
for characterization was 4-8 and temperature range was 25-50?C. Vmax and Km values were
determined by reciprocal graphs. To get the Vmax and Km values, substrate concentration range
was kept 0.25-1.25mL. As a result of characterization the phytase was observed with more
activity at pH 5 and temperature 45?C. The Km and Vmax values for phytase were recorded
0.25U/mL and 250 U/mL respectively. Finally, the phytase was used to check its effect on
fluffing of bread. The bread was fluffed upto3cm against control 2.5cm and increase in length
was observed upto15cm against the control 12.3cm.
ڈاکٹر عبدالستار صدیقی افسوس ہے کہ ہماری علمی بزم کی ایک اہم یادگار ڈاکٹر عبدالستار صدیقی نے گزشتہ مہینے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے مشہور فاضل اور نامور محقق تھے، ان کا موضوع عربی لسانیات تھا، اس کے متعلقات علم الاشتقاق، رسم الحظ حروف و اصوات وغیرہ پر ان کی نظر بڑی دقیق تھی اور اپنی تحریروں میں اس کا بڑا اہتمام رکھتے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی علمی و تعلیمی خدمات میں گزری، مگر لکھتے کم تھے، انھوں نے غالباً متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ کوئی مستقل تصنیف یادگار نہیں چھوڑی، مگر ان کے یہ مضامین ان کی محققانہ نظر کا ثبوت ہیں، عرصہ ہوا الٰہ آباد ہونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ عربی و فارسی کی صدارت سے ریٹائر ہوئے تھے اور الٰہ آبادی ہی میں سکونت اختیار کرلی تھی، ایک زمانہ میں ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الٰہ آباد کے رکن رکین تھے، یونیورسٹیوں اور دوسری علمی مجالس میں ان کا بڑا وقار تھا، دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے بھی رکن تھے، ان کا رہن سہن تو جدید تھا، لیکن شرافت و وضعداری اور شفقت و محبت میں مشرق تہذیب کا نمونہ تھے، ادھر کئی سال سے بالکل معذور ہوگئے تھے، آخر میں ہوش و حواس نے بھی جواب دے دیا تھا، اسی حالت میں گزشتہ جولائی میں انتقال کیا، انتقال کے وقت ۸۷ سال کی عمر تھی، مسلمانوں میں ایسے محقق اب مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۲ء)
The early Sufis believed that there were two dimensions to the revelations received by the Prophet, words of the Qur’an in their appearance, and the divine inspiration in his heart. This divinely inspired knowledge in the heart, Sufis claim, was gifted to only a chosen few, who contemplated and longedfor nearness with the creator. The early Sufis also laid emphasis on one of the basic tenets of Islam i. e. ihsan. Ihsan is that level of devotion where the devotee is completely absorbed in the worship of God. The ultimate aim of the Sufis is to raise the level of ihsan to experience the presence ofGod. Since the Last Prophet (s. a. w.) was paragon of virtues including ihsan, it was assumed that Sufism or Tasawwuf originatedfrom the Prophet himself. This paper aims to focus on the point of origin of tasawwuf, on the one hand and the need for its revival, on the other.
Teachers‟ self-efficacy in inclusive settings works as a strong agent to promote inclusive education. Purposely it is important to investigate the level of self-efficacy of regular school teachers who are expecting to work in inclusive classroom. Present study was a practical attempt to investigate the level of self-efficacy of regular classroom teachers for teaching in inclusive classrooms. Survey research design has been used in this study to measure self-efficacy of regular school teachers who were teaching at primary, elementary and secondary grade levels in all regular schools were taken as population of the study. For sampling, purposive sampling was done to select twelve districts out of thirty six (36) districts from Punjab Province on the basis of density of their population. As sample total 500 teachers who were teaching at primary, elementary and secondary grade levels were selected through simple random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a self-designed scale named “Teacher self-efficacy in inclusive settings (TSEIS)”. Through this scale regular classroom teachers‟ self- efficacy was measured on five level Likert scale raging; (1) I am very much confident, (2) I am confident, (3) No opinion (4) I am less confident, (5) I am not confident. Indicators for measuring self-efficacy of regular teachers were respectively as follow; (1) teachers‟ efficacy for need assessment for differentiated instructions (2) teachers‟ efficacy for adapting assessment tools (3) teacher‟s efficacy for managing classroom disruptive behaviors of diverse learners in inclusive settings (4) teachers‟ motivation for teaching diverse learners in inclusive settings (5) teacher‟s efficacy for collaborating with parents in inclusive settings (6) teacher‟s efficacy for teaching in collaboration with other professionals through team teaching techniques. Finally, completely filled tools were collected back from 446 teachers. The return response rate was 90% from the respondents. The reliability of the tool was 0.823. Through findings of present study the researcher found negative relationship between gender and self-efficacy components used in study tool. The principal analysis of 06 components yielded the value (0.424) of only adaptation in assessment which was less than 0.5 that showed the reinvestigation of remaining five components. Regression analysis of students‟ need assessment for differentiated instruction as reported by general education teachers found them untrained to assess the needs of diverse students. Through this study the researcher concluded that implementation of full inclusion would not be possible unless regular classroom teachers would ready to work. At the end it is recommended that school administration and the stakeholders may plan better school improvement initiatives while they get the reflection of each teacher‟s personal professional feedback in accordance to their professional development demands for future.