خوبیوں کے اظہار کا مرقع۔۔۔ منان لطیفؔ
انسان جس امر کی کوشش کرتا ہے ،اس میں مسلسل محنت کے ساتھ جستجو اور خوب سے خوب تر کی لگن کی بدولت کامیا بی حاصل کر لیتا ہے ۔ہمارے تعلیمی نظام کی یہ خامی رہی ہے کہ طلبہ کسی بھی مضمون میں حادثاتی طور داخلہ لیتے ہیں اور پھر محنت سے جی چراتے ہیں ۔تعلیمی اداروں میں ایسا نظام بھی رائج نہیں کہ طلبہ اپنے مضمون میںعملی مہارت اور دسترس رکھتے ہوں ۔اس لیے بہت کم طالب علم اپنے مضمون سے انصاف کر پاتے ہیں ۔منان لطیفؔ کا شمار ایسے طلبہ میں ہوتا ہے جو ذوق و شوق ،محنت و لگن اور تلاش و جستجو کو اپنا شعار بنا کر اپنے مضمون میں دسترس حاصل کرنے میں منہمک رہتے ہیں ۔ان کا جوش و جذبہ اوائل میں ہی جھلکنے لگتا ہے اور محنت رنگ لانے لگتی ہے ۔چنانچہ ان کے ذوق و شوق کی پہلی جھلک ’’گرد شِ خاک‘‘کی صورت میں دیکھی جا سکتی ہے ۔جو اس کے بعض گُن اور خوبیوں کے اظہار کا مرقع ہے ۔منان لطیفؔ کو شاعری سے شغف ہے اور نثر پر مہارت ہے ۔چونکہ شاعری کے لیے طبع مناسب کے ساتھ ساتھ بعض تکنیکی امور بھی شامل حال ہوتے ہیں ،اس لیے ابتدائی طور پر نثری اظہاریے یا نثری نظم کی طرف توجہ کومعیوب خیال نہیں کر نا چاہیے ۔ اصل مقصد اظہارِ ذات ہے جو انسان کوکئی نفسیاتی اور معاشرتی عوارض سے محفوظ رکھتا ہے ۔اگر اس کی نظموں کا مطالعہ کیا جائے تو بعض مواقع سے قطع نظر اس کا جوہر کھلتا دکھائی دے گا ۔لفاظی ،لفظ تراشی ،لفظی بازی گری اور تراکیب سے واضح ہو گا کہ زمینِ ادب سے نکلنے کو بے تاب یہ ننھا پودا چھتناور درخت بننے کی بھرپور اہلیت رکھتا ہے...
This qualitative study employs Communities of Practice (Lave& Wenger, 1991) framework to map out how female learner identity is built and negotiated within Post-colonial Pakistan. The study traces out the ongoing identity struggles of young Pakistani female ESL learners at The Institute of English Language and Literature (IELL), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, from a broadly poststructuralist perspective. Data analysis and interpretation were guided by CoP framework which views learner as essentially part and parcel of the learning environment within which learning takes places. The data revealed a complex picture of Female English Language Learner Identity (FELLI), as diverse subject positions emerged while the participants developed a sense of alignment with different CoP and displaying acts of resistance to counter discrimination. Higher education appeared as a site of identity negotiation and transition into new CoP for the participants. The participants demonstrated signs of social, linguistic and academic participation in as participating members of academic CoP.
Organochloride pesticides (OCPs) also known as ―endocrine disrupting‖ chemicals are one of the persistent group of contaminants in soil that has gained worldwide concerns over the past few decades. They can transferred into the vegetables grown on the contaminated soils and eventually entered the food chain. The associated risk to human health makes the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil a crucial undertaking. This research work is divided into different parts and several experiments were conducted to achieve the proposed objectives. The first study was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of OCPs in soils and vegetables grown in selected sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The soil and selected vegetable species including Spinacia oleracea, Raphanus sativus, Brassica rapa, Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa and Allium sativum were collected from six districts (Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan, Swabi and Swat), and were analysed for selected OCPs. Results showed that the concentrations of the selected OCPs exceeded their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) in most of the soil samples and showed great variation from site to site. In case of the studied vegetables, the most contaminated observed was Lactuca sativa (28.9 μg kg-1), followed by Raphanus sativus (26.6 μg kg-1), Spinacia oleracea (25.8 μg kg-1), Allium cepa (16.3 μg kg-1), Brassica rapa (15.6 μg kg-1), and Allium sativum (14.7 μg kg-1). Analysis of health risk revealed that incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) associated with dietary exposure of Σ30OCP through vegetables consumption by adults and children were below the acceptable risk level (10-6), indicating no cancer risk to the consumers. Moreover, exposure to the endocrine disruptor and probable carcinogen heptachlor epoxide (in children only) contributes toward non-cancer risk (HQ>1) from ingestion of selected vegetables. The presence of the banned OCPs in soils and vegetables in xvi the study area indicates that these legacy chemicals are still being used illegally for agricultural purposes which may be a cause for concern. Similarly, the second study was focused on the remediation of OCP-contaminated soils, as most of the OCPs are known to be possible/suspected endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic in nature and may severely affect humans or other living biota. Therefore, a 65-d incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of biochars on the accessibility of OCPs, and also to evaluate their influence on soil microbial community. Results indicated that despite greater persistence of OCPs in soil, the application of selected biochars significantly (p<0.01) reduced the accessibility of åOCPs in contaminated soil as compared to the control soil during 65-days incubation period. Moreover, the findings from total phospholipid acid (PLFA) and Illumina next-generation sequencing revealed that the incorporation of biochar have altered the soil microbial community structure over time. Higher abundances of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Actinobacteria, were found in the biochar amendments. This recommends that biochar amendment (3%) could be advantageous for sustaining soil microbial communities and may thus likely influence the eco-toxicological processes and potential accumulation of OCPs. The third study was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar (BC), biochar-based organic fertilizer (OF) and their combination (BCOF) on the bioaccessibility and accumulation of endocrine disruptive pesticides (EDPs) into leafy vegetables (Lactuca sativa and Spinacia oleracea) grown in a contaminated soil. The results revealed that application of BCOF and OF significantly (p<0.05) decreased bioaccessible concentrations of åEDPs in leafy vegetables by 23 and 44%, respectively, BC was particularly effective and decreased åEDPs bio-accessible concentrations by 60%, as compared to control. Biomass production, however, xvii increased the most for the BCOF amendments, (with a 70% increase in crop production compared to the control soil). Moreover, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for selected EDPs were significantly (p<0.01) reduced in the amended soil as compared to control. These findings suggest that OF, BCOF and BC could be useful soil amendments to minimize the EDPs bioaccessibility in a degraded soil and their subsequent exposure to humans through vegetable consumption. Likewise, to investigate the effects of different biochars on the bioaccessible fractions of OCPs in a contaminated soil and their subsequent bioaccumulation into vegetable crops a fourth study was conducted. Four different biochars, derived from sewage sludge, soybean straw, rice straw and peanut shells were applied to a pesticide-contaminated soil at 2%, and the resulting impacts were measured. The results indicated that following biochar additions, the bioaccessible fractions of OCPs in soil and their accumulation in vegetable crops significantly (p<0.01) reduced, as compared to control. Risk assessment showed that biochar amendments markedly (p<0.01) decreased the hazard quotient (HQ) indices and the incremental lifetime cancer (ILCR) values for OCPs associated with the consumption of vegetable crops. From the results of the present studies it is concluded that the application of biochar could play a promising role in enhancing microbial abundance, reducing accessibility, restricting bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables and decreasing their associated human health risk.