Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisted of various low-cost devices that had limited
battery power for surveillance of certain vicinity. The objective of WSNs had accomplished the given
tasks within time in an efficient manner. The main concern was to prolong the network lifetime to
save energy. The heterogeneous nodes deployed in the given vicinity divided into two
INSTANT-OFF and NEVER-OFF states and then each one further subdivided into three (Good,
Better and Best) by Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The cluster boundary was defined by parameter
Distance from Base Station (DisBS) and its linguistic terms such as very close, close, medium, far
and very far to meet the unequal clustering approach. The INSTANT-OFF (Good, Better and Best)
which had three states active, idle, sleep and always worked as Cluster Members (CMs) to sense the
physical environment. The NEVER-OFF (Good, Better and Best) had active and idle states. The first
two most optimum NEVER-OFF selected as Cluster Head (CH) and Data Collector (DC) and the
remaining belonged to CMs. If only one NEVER-OFF (Good, Better or Best) was available in a
cluster then both jobs as CH as well as DC performed by it. If none NEVER-OFF (Good, Better and
Best) were available in the cluster then re-clustering setup took place by BS.
In this research, Near-Optimal Energy Aware Approach through INSTAN-OFF and NEVER-OFF
Clustering by Fuzzy Logic (NOEA-INCFL), the energy was consumed during sensing, processing
and transmission phase by its appropriate nodes. The CMs worked as a reactive manner and saved
energy by idle and sleep states while the CH and DC worked in a proactive mode and saved energy in
idle state. The sensing job was done by CMs that consumed a minor amount of energy and
transmitted packets of 200 bits length to DC. The second more energy consumption job was
processing, performed by DC. The DC received packets of 200 bits length from CMs and aggregated
them into 6400 bits length packets then delivered it to CH. The most energy consumption job was
communication with BS that performed by CH hop by hop through other CH. The unequal clustering
approach maintained the consumption of energy levels throughout WSNs. The reactive and proactive
mechanisms saved the energy as 85.1033% in 2000 rounds; increased lifetime up to 774 rounds,
re-clustering setup took place after 1912 rounds as well as enhanced the throughput as 100% and
latency time 0.001123 in the first round. This approach was implemented and evaluated through MATLABand its simulation in OMNET++.
مولانا سید اخلاق حسین دہلوی افسوس گزشتہ ماہ مولانا سید اخلاق حسین دہلوی کی رحلت سے علم و ادب اور دلی کی تہذیب و شرافت کا ایک روشن نقش بھی مٹ گیا۔ وہ ۱۹۰۶ء میں دہلی کے ایک معزز سادات عالیات کے خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے، ان کے پردادا سید علی بغدادی محمد شاہ کے زمانہ میں بغداد سے دہلی تشریف لائے، ان کے پوتے اور مرحوم کے والد ماجد محمد ابراہیم حسین کا شمار دلی کے نامور شرفاء میں ہوتا تھا، سید احمد دہلوی صاحب فرہنگ آصفیہ ان کے رشتہ کے چچا تھے اور مولانا دہلوی کے بھائی حکیم سید حسین دہلوی کے متعلق کہا جاتا ہے کہ دلی کی تہذیب و معاشرت کے شاید آخری کامل نمونہ تھے۔ ان کا انتقال کچھ عرصہ قبل ہوا۔ پہلے عرب سرائے، دلی کے شرفاء کی قابل احترام ہستی تھی، گردشِ روزگار سے جب یہ اپنے مکینوں سے خالی ہوئی تو اس کے آثار و باقیات کو سخت حالات کے باوجود ان دونوں بھائیوں نے قائم رکھنے کی سعی کی اور اس کے قبرستان و مساجد کی تولیت ان ہی کے ہاتھوں میں رہی۔ خاندان کے علمی ماحول کے اثر سے سولہ برس کی عمر ہی میں مولانا اخلاق دہلوی کے قلم سے ایک کتاب نکلی۔ کچھ عرصہ تک انہوں نے میرٹھ کے قصبہ بڑوت کے ایک کالج میں تدریسی فرائض بھی انجام دیے، اسی زمانے میں انھوں نے درسیات کا سلسلہ شروع کیا جیسے مضمون نگاری، میزان سخن، خلاصہ مصباح القوا عداد رشمیم بلاغت وغیرہ۔ اردو کالج دہلی کے طالب علموں کی سہولت کے لیے مولانا امام بخش صہبائی کی کتاب حدائق البلاغت کی تلخیص روح بلاغت کے نام سے کی، یہ سب کتابیں مقبول ہوئیں اور طلبہ کے علاوہ عام اردو خواں طبقہ کو بھی اس سے فائدہ پہنچا، مولانا کی علمی و تحقیقی کاوشوں کا موضوع...
The world today is now in the era of Information Technology. The development of ICT-based processes specifically in the area of assessment in school is now visible. Project LISTEN (Literacy Innovation that Speech Technology ENables) is an inter-disciplinary research project at Carnegie Mellon University to develop a novel tool to improve literacy – an automated Reading Tutor that displays stories on a computer screen, and listens to children read aloud. This study does not provide right or wrong answers for they let the user evaluate the answer. The main objective of this study is to develop an Alternative Math Assessment Tool for Preschoolers using Speech Recognition. These software aims to assist teachers in the review of Math lessons for preschooler using speech recognition. The development of the system utilizes the System Development Cycle approach that includes data gathering to identify system’s expected functionalities, designing the system using Use-Case Diagram, integration of JSAPI for Voice Recognition, using Synthesizer software for reading the questions out loud, a graphical display of teacher representation and a graphical display for every questions in the review. Along in the development of this assessment tool is the implementation of the system. The system was developed using Java Programming language. It also uses MySql database to store data for preschooler, review questions and text answers. In the conduct of the review digital microphone and a speaker is needed. The developed system is capable of creating questions for a particular review, activating a review for the preschooler to take, and record the preschooler’s scores at every end of the review. The system also includes graphical display of questions. In the conduct of the review, the system was able to read out loud the questions, and a 5-second time span for the pupil to answer the review questions. The system will listen and the feedback from the study will display the correctly uttered answer. User testing results indicates an 83% correct response of system against the correct uttered answer of the preschooler.
This study consists of Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001 about low (petty disputes) jus-tice delivery at the grassroots level as enshrined in chapter XI of Sections 102 to 106 as “Musalihat Anjumans” (Conciliation Courts). The system had been serving the people in minor civil and crim-inal disputes (low justice delivery) at the Union Council stage especially from 2006 to 2011 in Bahawalpur District. In the case study, as an important tool of qualitative and quantitative research methods, Semi-structured interviews have been conducted by the Research Scholar from the most concerned personalities starting from Mr. Justice and Senior Judge of Lahore High Court, Baha-walpur Bench to the Chairman, Municipal Committee, Ahmadpur East, Bahawalpur District. Moreover, as a measure of quantitative research method, original case files of civil and criminal formal courts of Bahawalpur and Punjab as well as from the informal court which is an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Centre at Bahawalpur District Headquarter have also been examined by the Research Scholar. These ADR centers have been functioning since March, 2017 not at the grassroots level but in every district headquarter of the Punjab Province by the order of Chief Justice, Lahore High Court. The result of all these adopted qualitative and quantitative social sci-entific research methods show that conciliation process through Musalihat Anjumans (Concilia-tion Courts) under ADR mechanism at Bahawalpur District of Punjab Province remained a suc-cessful exercise during 2006 to 2011 as question No. 1, whereas research question No.2 and 3 have also been proved. Even in 2017 not at grass roots level but at District Headquarters level, ADR centres have been functioning for speedy justice delivery. On the other hand in formal civil and criminal courts justice delivery systems have been declared as a delayed justice delivery sys-tem from 2006 to 2011 and even in 2017. In the light of this successful case study government can learn from the experience of Bahawalpur district and can draw guidelines for the improvement of justice system in other districts of Pakistan.