پروفیسر حبیب الحق ندوی
فروری کا معارف چھپ چکا تھا کہ پروفیسر حبیب الحق ندوی کے انتقال کی اندوہ ناک خبر ملی۔ وہ باڑھ (پٹنہ) کے سادات کے ایک معزز خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر میں میری طالب علمی کے زمانے میں ان کے دوچھوٹے بھائی بھی تعلیم حاصل کررہے تھے جن سے ملنے کبھی کبھی حبیب الحق صاحب بھی آجاتے تھے، وہ خود بھی یہاں زیر تعلیم رہ چکے تھے، پھر پاکستان چلے گئے اور عرصہ سے جنوبی افریقہ کی ڈربن یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ تھے، مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی مدظلہ سے بیعت تھے، ان سے ملنے لکھنؤ آتے رہتے تھے، اسی سلسلے میں ایک دفعہ بے سان و گمان دارالمصنفین بھی پہنچے، لکھنؤ سے اعظم گڑھ کا یہ سفر بڑا مشقت طلب رہا مگر دارالمصنفین کو دیکھتے ہی ان کی ساری کلفت دور ہوگئی، سرائمیر جانے کی خواہش کی جہاں کی سادگی اور اپنے زمانہ کے استاذوں کے ایثار و قناعت کے بڑے مداح تھے۔ ایک اور دفعہ ندوۃ العلماء میں روس کی آزاد مسلم ریاستوں کے بارے میں میں نے ان کا پُراز معلومات خطبہ سُنا تو انہیں اعظم گڑھ آنے کی دعوت دی یہاں بھی ان کی تقریر بہت پسند کی گئی جس سے ان کے علم و مطالعہ کی وسعت، حالاتِ حاضرہ سے باخبری اور ملی درد کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے۔ دارالمصنفین سے ان کو قلبی لگاؤ تھا، معارف پابندی سے پڑھتے، اس میں ان کے مضامین اور خطوط بھی شایع ہوتے تھے، اپنا سہ ماہی انگریزی رسالہ اور تمام کتابیں یہاں بھیجتے، ادھر عرصہ سے ان کا حال معلوم نہیں ہوا تھا، دفعتہ ان کے ارتحال کی خبر آگئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے اور متعلقین کو صبر و شکیب بخشے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۱۹۹۸ء)
Islam is a holistic and comprehensive system of life because the Creator of universe has given the instructions that are eternal and are perfect guide for humanity in all ages and circumstances. Islamic teachings are consistent with the comprehensive nature. Those instructions that human being has given for all walks of life in that the elements of morality is distinct and dominant and prohibited every act that is harmful to others. This fact is quite clear that the moral aspect of Islam is so important to consider the ethics of Islam has taken into consideration and there is no command to be out of the realm of ethics and particularly matters of life which is part of religion and are important aspect of society. Islamic teachings are so clear that there is no example of it in any economic system the world. Today we have different economic systems in the world which essentially teach us that the purpose of human life is to make money and collect goods even if affects the lives of others. But in Islamic economic world it is emphasized that this world is not the original house and satisfactory zone of human being and his purpose is not to collect wealth but the worship of Almighty. Human being is gifted fair system of order in every aspect of which there is clearly ethics thus human is strictly prohibited to collect money through unfair means and in cruel manners. In this article we will discuss the ethical consideration of Islamic economical system. So it is quite clear that the guarantor of peace, love and harmony in the world is Islamic system.
The discharge of heavy metals into aquatic ecosystems has become a matter of concern over the last few decades. They are extremely toxic elements, which can seriously affect plants and animals and have been involved in causing a large number of afflictions. Due to the high costs of commercial adsorbents, biosorption is an economically feasible way to perform the treatment of potentially toxic species-containing effluents. It is the sequestration of metals by the dead natural material called biosorbent. This research presents experimental optimization of different engineering parameters such as Biosorbent type, Immobilization method, initial solution pH, flow rate, Initial metal concentration and Desorbing agent for the removal of Cu(II). Three types of wastes namely Crop wastes (CW) including Bagasse, Rice Husk, Rice Straw, Wheat Straw, Waste leaves (WL) including Peeple Leaves, Semal Leaves and Dry fruit Waste (DW) including Almond Shell and Walnut shell were selected as they are abundantly available in local areas. First of all, each biosorbent was prepared through washing, crushing and grinding followed by size analysis through seven ASTM screens. Detailed size analysis was performed and presented for the first time in literature to link it with biosorption. This data was used to calculate different mean diameters namely volume surface mean, mass mean and length mean diameters. Size frequency curve was also plotted. For almond shell the volume surface mean diameter showed close resemblance to the median obtained from the size frequency curve while for all the remaining biosorbents, mass mean diameter came out to be representative diameter. Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to establish different aspects (Physical and chemical) of biosorbent structure. CW showed needle like particles with complex flaky or porous structure. LW showed cylindrical particles with holes while DW showed aggregatesof small particles. FTIR analysis showed typical lignocellulosic profile for each biomass showing the presence of multiple functional groups including –OH, -COOH. XRD showed amorphous nature of the biosorbents. These characterizations showed that selected biosorbent possess structure suitable for biosorption. Selection of the optimum biosorbent was performed through typical kinetic and equilibrium experiments. In these experiments WL showed highest uptake of Cu(II) while CW and DW showed intermediate to low uptakes. Biosorption generally takes place in acidic environment. Therefore, stability of the selected biosorbents (Wheat Straw, Peeple leaves, Seemal Leaves, Almond Shell and Rice Husk) in 0.1M HNO 3 was tested. Almond Shell showed best and WL showed worst results. Thus, Almond Shell (AS) was selected as optimum Biosorbent. This approach has been applied for the first time to select an optimum biosorbent. Among different options of continuous contactors, fixed bed column is preferred due to its effective utilization of biomass bed and subsequent separation from the adsorbate solution. The most important parameter in the fixed bed operation is the nature of immobilization of the biomass. Generally, entrapment of the biosorbent is being performed to apply it in the fixed bed column. However, this process results in addition of a resistive layer of immobilizing media which hinders the mass transfer. Therefore, a novel surface immobilization mm and have complex structure. Braummer-Emmett-Teller (BET) area of beads showed a suitable adsorption area 0.8094 m 2 /g. For fixed bed experiments, optimum pH was estimated to be 4.6. It was an intermediate pH between two extremes i.e., point of zero charge (pH = 3.8) and point of precipitation (pH =5.1). Up flow arrangement was selected due to its inherent capability to avoid channelling. Bed height was selected to 20 cm to avoid axial dispersion of the Cu(II). Column experiments were performed at 19.7mL/min and 36 mL/min to determine optimum flow rate at 10 ppm Cu(II) concentration. Time required to achieve 50 % break through was greater in case of 19.7 mL/min than 36 mL/min. 19.7 mL/min flow rate corresponded to about 3 min residence time in the column and taken as optimum flow rate. In order to determine the optimum influent concentration three column experiments were performed at different initial concentration namely 10 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm. As, expected very quick breakthrough took place at 50 ppm and 100 ppm. Hence, 10 ppm was selected an optimum initial concentration. HNO 3 and NaOH were selected to determine the optimum desorbent. These chemicals were selected due to the fact that H + and Na + ’ metals. Experiments showed that HNO 3 recovered much more Cu(II) ions than NaOH. Also, in case of NaOH, a notable deterioration of immobilized beads was found. Almond shell was identified as an optimum biosorbent as it showed moderate uptake and highest acid resistance amongst selected biosorbent. Kinetic modelling showed that, pseudo 2 nd order kinetic best described biosorption of Cu(II) by AS. Freundlich model enumerated the equilibrium behaviour of Cu(II) removal by AS. Application of Dubinin-Radushkevic (D- R) model suggested the physio-sorption while Boyd''s model showed liquid film diffusion as the rate controlling step in the biosorption of Cu(II) by AS. Powdered AS was immobilized on the surface of beads which showed moderate BET area. Beads showed best performance (50% break through) at lower flow rate (19.7 mL/min) and low Cu(II) concentration (10 ppm). It was possible to regenerate beads saturated with Cu(II) ions using 0.1M HNO 3 without any damage. Thomas model was applied to describe the break through curves. It isrecommended to further explore the surface immobilization of different biosorbents to test their effect on the breakthrough of different pollutants (binary and tertiary) in fixed bed column.