غیر سیاسی اسلامی تحریکیں (تعارف اور تجزیہ) ڈاکٹر غلام حید ر مگھرانہ کی تحقیقی کتاب ہے جسے ڈاکٹر مگھرا نہ نے نہایت محنت، ذہانت اور جذبے سے مرتب کیا ہے۔ یوں تو ملت ِ اسلامیہ کی تاریخ کے تمام ادوار کا مطالعہ مسلمانوں کے لیے عام طور پر اور اسلامی علوم کے طلبہ کے لیے خاص طور پر اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ مگراہل علم کے لیے امت کا دور اول اور دور حاضر خصوصی اہمیت رکھتے ہیں۔ دورِ اول اس لیے کہ یہ امت کی تشکیل، تعمیر، عروج اورسطوت کا دور ہے۔ اس دور میں تشکیل و تعمیرامت کی رہنمائی کا سامان ہے۔
یہ عہد جناب رسالت مآب ﷺ اور آپ کے جانشین خلفاء راشدین کا عہد ہے۔ یہ عہد زمانے کے لحاظ سے ماضی کا حصہ ہے۔ مگر ہر دور کے مسلمانوں کے لیے ایسا ماضی جو حال سے جڑا ہوا اور مستقبل کی صورت گری کا ذریعہ۔ دور ِ حاضر میں ہم پھر تشکیل امت ا ور تعمیر ملت کے مرحلے سے دوچا ر ہیں۔ پھر سے تشکیل و تعمیر کا مرحلہ اس بات کو عیاں کر رہا ہے کہ امت پر تفرقہ اور تخریب کا دور بھی گزرا ہے اور اس کے اثرات اب بھی موجود ہیں، جن سے امت کو پاک کر کے تشکیل و تعمیر کے ر استے پر ڈالنا مقصود ہے۔ اس نیک مقصد کے لیے کوششیں ہر دور میں جاری رہیں۔ شاہ والی اﷲؒ کی شخصیت کو دور زوال اور دور عروج کے لیے آغاز کی شخصیت قرار دیا جا سکتاہے۔ سترویں صدی عیسوی کے اختتام تک ہمارا عروج رہا۔ اٹھارھویں صدی عیسوی کے آغاز میں زوال شروع ہوا۔ اس عہد میں شاہ ولی اﷲؒ نے علمی تحریک کے اسباب مہیا کیے۔
اسلام دین ہے۔ امت کے دور زوال میں دین اسلام کے ا...
Benazir Bhutto happened to be the first constitutionally chosen female leader of any Muslim country in Modern times. She ascended to office amid the legacy of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime and civil-military bureaucracy that prompted diverse deterrence for her governments and abstained her from the application of her constitutional power. The essence of challenges was mostly political, but the grounds that created these abysses were political and gender partiality. Based on the above discourse, this article attempts to underline the torments confronted by Benazir being the new chapter in our political society. This is the empirical account of Benazir’s twin governments grounded on the views of important politicians who sight and accompanied her in her journey of power. To ponder the reasons that refrained Benazir from having true legal authority the study is divided into the following parts: (1) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the first tenure of her Prime Ministership (1988-90), (2) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the second tenure of her Prime Ministership (1993-1996). The PPP government had made some new political strides in general, but it was persistently controlled by the army. In the first government, the brass leadership and opposition and in later government civil-military bureaucracy and opposition impaired the democratic traditions. However, amid all this Benazir succeeded to do some pragmatic politics and defying the anti-PPP mindset.
Present work refers to the design, synthesis, bioevaluation and computational studies of multifunctionalized dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) known to possess immense pharmacological activities. A series of DHPM derivatives were synthesized by different strategies. In the first strategy, one pot Biginelli reaction was carried out using three building blocks (i.e. aryl aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and diamino compounds). Hence three different types of DHPMs namely 4-aryl-3,4- dihydropyrimidine-2-ones (1-44), 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiones (45-69) and 2-amino-1,4-DHPMs (70-79) were synthesized. Through this strategy diversity was introduced at N1, C2, C4, C5 and C6 positions of pyrimidine nucleus. Moreover, keeping in view the difficulties during the synthesis of DHPM via Biginelli three component reaction, the conditions were optimized by doing these reactions through different modes such as sonication, microwave irradiation, as well as through conventional heating. Excellent yields without any side products were obtained under mild reaction conditions under sonication using a cheap catalyst i.e. SnCl 2 . Based on a simple nucleophilic displacement scheme, another set of 2-aminopyrimidines (83-87) was also synthesized. The second strategy involved modification of different functionalities of DHPM nucleus synthesized previously through one pot strategy. This led to introduction of different diversity elements farther at C5 and C6 positions leading to pyrimidines 88-92. Besides synthesizing a variety of pyrimidines, partial synthesis of ispinesib (a well known KSP inhibitor) was carried out via two routes with a view to optimize the reaction conditions and yield of the rate limiting step each of the two synthetic strategies. Since the synthesized dihydropyrimidines are anticipated to have important pharmacological properties, therefore, all these compounds were subjected to in vitro screening for studying their potential as urease inhibitors, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, potato disc tumor inhibitors and as antiglycation agents. Compound 53 was found to have very strong potential as urease inhibitor and may serve as a lead for developing into antiulcer drug. iiiIn silico studies were also carried out on the most active compounds identified in different bioassays by doing molecular docking and pharmacophore matching. Furthermore, in silico designing of DHPM based KSP, urease and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors was carried out with a view to develop novel KSP, urease and TP inhibitors.