This study compared the inputs and outputs in public and private secondary
schools in Tehsil Kamoke. The private schools were selected from the schools meant for middle and lower middle income classes. The input factors included teacher?s
academic and professional qualification, student teacher ratio, teacher training, and
assessment of students, physical facilities, and administrative competency of HTs,
teachers? competencies, co-curricular activities and per student cost. The output for
the study was defined as the scores of students obtained in the matriculation
examination of the BISE Gujranwala. Study population comprises 47 government
high schools and 55 private secondary ( private schools meant for low and middle
income groups) affiliated with Board of intermediate and Secondary education
Gujranwala in Tehsil Kamoke. Fifteen schools were sampled from each sector for data
collection. The number of sampled HTs was 30 (15 from each sector) and number of
sampled teachers were 150 (75 from each sector).The data was collected from the
Head teachers and five teachers of each sampled school by using separate
questionnaires for the HTs and teachers. Other sources of data collection were Budget
2018-19 report (Khunshan, 2018), fee structure of private schools and result gazette
BISE Gujranwala 2018. Descriptive research method was adopted and t. test was
applied for data analysis. Study was concluded that private schools lead the public
schools in academic achievements of students, teacher training, appropriate student
teacher ratio, teaching competencies of teachers, assessment of students,
administrative competencies of head teachers, co-curricular activities and cost per
student. Public schools lead the private schools in having highly qualified teachers and
head teachers in academic and professional qualification. Public schools also lead the
private schools in some physical facilities like play grounds, science labs, computer
labs and class room ventilation. It was also found that private schools have higher
efficiency as compared to public schools.
يهدف البحث إلى تلمس اجتهادات العلماء في فهم بعض آيات وأحاديث الربا، والوقوف على الأحكام التي تقررها النصوص الشرعية في بعض المعاملات المالية، ثم استثمار بعض آليات الاجتهاد التنزيلي والنظر المقاصدي لإناطة الأحكام الشرعية المناسبة بعلل وأوصاف ومعاني بعض أنواع التداول المستجد للأموال. وقد توصل الباحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أنَّ فهم النصوص الشرعية عملية ضرورية قبل تصدي المجتهد إلى استنباط الحكم الشرعي، وهي عملية لازمة وسابقة لتنزيل الأحكام على النوازل المستجدة، تتطلب استدعاء آليات للتحقيق والتنزيل لضمان التوفيق في اعتبار مآلات الأفعال في كل نازلة. كما وجد أن التعامل بالربا والانخراط في بعض المعاملات المالية الربوية المستحدثة؛ يفضي إلى أضرار أخلاقية واجتماعية واقتصادية على الفرد والمجتمع
الكلمات المفتاحية: الربا، الحكم الشرعي، الاجتهاد، الفهم، التنزيل.
Engineering industry requires line drawings for manufacturing, machining and production of engineering equipments/objects. The generation of these paper-based drawings or computerized drawings is a complex and time consuming task. Conventionally, these drawings contain three two dimensional (2D) orthographic views, namely top, front and side of an object. Modern trends in engineering industry require three dimensional (3D) engineering drawings. Therefore, to fulfill this requirement the conversion of these 2D drawings to 3D drawings is essential. This conversion is referred to as the reconstruction. Various approaches have been proposed for the conversion/reconstruction using existing drawings. In this thesis, we developed 3D reconstruction methodology that uses camera perspectives in the reconstruction process. Note that in the existing approaches this feature (camera perspective) is not used. Another salient feature of our approach is in its underlying mechanism of tangential lines and hypothetical cuboid. Using our proposed approach, manufacturing cost and time can be saved, and it can also be helpful in technology transfer.