MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI PESANTREN: PERSPEKTIF EPISTEMOLOGI

Management of Islamic education in pesantren needs to return to its historical roots in order to confirm the identity, character, distinctiveness and uniqueness. There is a spirit that is timeless, even the underlying model of ideal education in the contemporary era. Development of Islamic epistemology for education should be able to give birth to a generation of Muslims who worships in the field of religion and experts in the field of science and technology. Pesantren as an educational institution of Islam with a good management should be able to play its role to achieve this goal. Whereas in fact there who think that pesantren have not been able to put its strategic position in the development of science in accordance with the times. Nevertheless, the existence of Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren is evidence that pesantren have been organized in a good management so that it can survive in changing times from time to time. More precisely knowing Islamic education management in pesantren from the perspective of epistemology may illustrate that pesantren will continue to be needed to confront the changing times.

Genetic Analysis in Different Riverine Population of Carnivorous Fish Species Sperata Sarwari in Punjab, Pakistan

The Sperata (S.) sarwari is one of the commercially important carnivore freshwater fish and is now among the most endangered species in Pakistan. The study was designed to hypothesize that the natural population of S. sarwari has become fragmented due to the construction of barrages and the degradation of natural spawning grounds and also the decrease of genetic diversity is the main cause of decline in population. Molecular markers were applied to assess genetic variations between fish (S. sarwari) populations in four different rivers. Total eight populations were collected from the upstream and the downstream of the River Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi and Indus of the Punjab, Pakistan. The selected morphological and meristic characteristics showed significant (P< 0.05) variations between the upstream and the downstream population and also among the four riverine populations except weight, which was kept constant. For genetic analysis, fifteen RAPD markers were selected from the genomic Library on the basis of GC contents (%) and band reproducibility for the amplification of genomic DNA in S. sarwari. Out of 15 primers, ten RAPD primers produced 50 scorable bands with sizerange of 250-1050 bps. Molecular analysis showed significant polymorphism in the upstream and the downstream of the four riverne populations of S. sarwari. The highest polymorphism (62%) was observed in the River Indus population and lowest level (2%) was observed in the Ravi population. The genetic analysis revealed that the River Indus population showed the high gene diversity (h, 0.253±0.204) and the River Ravishowed the lowest gene diversity (h, 0.0096±0.068). The genetic variability with total heterozygosity (Ht, 0.3574±0.0350) revealed the significant higher variation (Gst, 0.5124) with very low level of migration flow (Nm, 0.4758) that showed no movement of a single individual between the upstream and the downstream of all river populations. Cluster analysis showed significant variations within and among rivers. Furthermore, the dendrogram showed that the S. sarwari population of the River Jhelum and RiverIndus were closely related, while the River Ravi population was completely distinct from other riverine populations. Hence, these genetic analysis described the higher level of genetic variability and lowest genetic flow that increased the inbreeding coefficient in S. sarwari population. Furthermore, this study revealed that the variations in the morphological characteristics are concordance with the genetic analysis. In the present study, it was also concluded that the lowest gene flow is the indication of isolation due to physical barriers i.e. dams and barrage. Hence, this information can be used by Ichthyologist managers and natural conservationist, who are interested in the future to save it from declining of S. sarwari.