کچھ غیر رسمی باتیں
ابتدائے کلام کرتا ہوں
دم تری بندگی کا بھرتا ہوں
جب تری حمد کان پڑتی ہے
دلِ مردہ میں جان پڑتی ہے
کیونکہ
ہے نکتہء آغازِ سخن نام اسی کا
میں سب سے پہلے خدائے بزرگ و برتر کی بلند بارگاہ میں سجدہ ریز ہوں جس نے مجھے عقل و شعور بخشا اور فہم و فراست سے نوازا۔الحمدللہ رب العالمین علی کل حال!۔بعد از حمد و ثناء مقصودِ کائنات فخرِ موجودات شفیعِ اعظم حضرت احمد مجتبیٰ محمد مصطفیٰؐکی بارگاہ میں دست بستہ بے حساب درو و سلام کہ جن کا امتی ہونے کی خواہش انبیاء کرام علیہم السلام نے فرمائی۔
خدائے بزرگ و برتر کا بے حساب شکر گزار ہوں کہ جس نے اپنی رحمت سے مجھے زندگی کے اس سفر کو عبور کرنے کی صلاحیت عطا فرمائی۔حمد و ثناء اور درود و سلام کے بعد سب سے پہلے شکر گزار ہوں اپنی امی جان کا جو کہ میری پہلی استاد ہیں اور جنہوں نے میرا ہاتھ پکڑ کر لکھنا سکھایا۔اپنے والد محترم کا شکر گزار ہوں کہ جنہوں نے خود تنگیاں اور پریشانیاں خندہ پیشانی سے برداشت کیں اور ہمیں ہر سہولت اور آسائش فراہم کی اور مجھے ہر چند روز بعد میرے مقالے کی بابت پوچھتے رہے کہ’’ بیٹا کتنا کام کر لیا اور کتنا رہتا ہے‘‘۔اس سے مجھے بروقت کام کرنے میں تحریک ملتی رہی۔میں اپنی دادی جان کا بھی بے حد شکر گزار ہوں جن کی بدولت میرے اندر ادبی ذوق پیدا ہوا۔اپنی دونوں بہنوں کا بھی دل سے شکر گزار ہوں جنہوں نے مقالہ لکھنے کے دوران میری ہر ضرورت کا خیال رکھا اور میری ایک آواز پہ لبیک کہا۔میں اپنے شاگردِ رشیدمحمد خلیل اور چھوٹے بھائی محمد دانش ملک کا بھی شکریہ ادا کرتا ہوں جنہوں نے کلامِ یونس...
Blasphemy law is considered as very basic law in the Muslim societies. This study aims to examine the blasphemy law of Pakistan in historical perspective. Qualitative research designs and discourse analysis techniques have been used to analyse the existing data. In Indian Subcontinent, during the Muslim rules, blasphemy law was being followed and practiced in accordance with principles of Islam. During British regime, it has throughout been demand of the Muslim for legislation of Blasphemy Law. During this period, by acceding to Muslims’ demand, it was introduced but with lesser punishment, even lesser than those which was there in the law of England. In this article, history of the blasphemy law and its interpretation, including conformity with Islamic principles as judged by the Federal Shariat Court, has been documented. In the end, its present status, or restatement of this law, has be unearthed with some suggestions, which have though been alluded to in decisions of the courts, but have not been ever discussed.
One of the promising alternatives to conventional wastewater remediation processes is the Fenton process, which has been emerged as widely applicable water purification strategy. The current project was focused on the development of an economical, highly efficient, non-selective and easily applicable degradation method for the recalcitrant micro-pollutants, present in wastewater. The degradation method, based on heterogeneous Fenton reaction, has been successfully applied using different metal ferrites and their graphene oxide composites. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using modified Hummer’s method while Graphene oxide based metal ferrites (GO-MFe2O4, where M = Fe3+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+) were prepared by one-pot-hydrothermal co-precipitation method. The as-prepared composites were morphologically and chemically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The composites were checked for their catalytic potential against degradation of persistent organic micro-pollutants such as pesticides, present in water bodies. Different influencing factors, such as pH, oxidant dose, catalyst dose, pesticide load and irradiation time, were also optimized in order to enhance pesticide’s degradation. All of the catalysts exhibited remarkable pollutant’s degradation potential in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, under UV light irradiation. Three insecticides, widely used in Pakistan, were selected as model pollutants viz. acetamiprid, carbofuran and nitenpyram. For comparative purposes, metal ferrites alone (without GO) were also catalytically investigated. Under optimal conditions, acetamiprid and nitenpyram were degraded about 90% using magnetite, GO-magnetite, cobalt ferrite, GO-cobalt ferrite, manganese ferrite, GO-manganese ferrite, nickel ferrite and GO-nickel ferrite within 60 minutes of irradiation. On the other hand, approximately 80% degradation of carbofuran was achieved using all metal ferrites and their composites. Furthermore, the study concluded that GO assists in remediation of aquatic pollutants by acting both as supportive catalyst immobilization material and electron transporter between the two catalytic active sites. Thus, GO indirectly promotes ≡M3+/≡M2+ cycle and also avoids e-/h+ pair recombination by capturing and transporting the electron. At optimized conditions of pH, doses of Fenton’s reagent (various catalysts and oxidant), irradiation time and pollutant load, ultrasound assisted photo-Fenton process degraded all the pollutants (acetamiprid, carbofuran and nitenpyram) more than 95% within a very short time span. This was confirmed with the help of UV/Vis spectra. The magnetic property of catalysts enabled their easy recovery xiii from the aqueous medium by applying external magnetic field. Suitable kinetic models, as a function of operating conditions were also proposed for wastewater remediation process. Major potential factors that affect the pesticide degradation were investigated statistically by applying Central Composite Design (CCD – a type of RSM). Statistical analysis helped in evaluating the interactions among controlling parameters such as pH, oxidant dose and pollutant load. The response surfaces revealed that highly acidic pH, moderate oxidant dose and lower pollutant load favored the enhanced pesticide’s degradation. The reusability of the catalysts was also studied up to five cycles. It has been observed that heterogeneous catalysts can be reused multiple times without substantial decrease in the degradation potential. The outcome of the study is to fabricate novel, effective, magnetic, durable and economically feasible catalysts. The project also concluded that graphene oxide and ultrasound assisted strategy played a vital role in enhancing the degradation potential of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts.