ENVY A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

A negative feeling that creates displeasure and anger is known as envy. It is produced by the negative attitude towards others, having assets, greater characteristics and fair potential than him. It is a psychological disorder that creates a nuisance in society and leads to social discontent. Such kind of psychological disorder gives rise to hatred and creates an environment of enmity and mistrust. Its magnitude and impact are very high and result in conflicts and jealousy. Such a situation is disliked in Islam and is taken very seriously and rejected at all levels. It is a mental disorder that disturbs the human psyche at local and international levels, resulting in chaos and disorder. Islam guides its followers in particular but humans, in general, to remain away from it to save humanity from anarchy and psychological sickness. Islam respects humanity and guides us to preserve human dignity and values of life. It prescribes detailed solutions to such a problem to preserve human beings. In this paper, an attempt is made and a detailed analysis is provided about its occurrence within the Islamic context and methods of safety are provided to safeguard humans from the malice of envy.

Bioconversion of Plant Feedstock to Fermentable Saccharides

Bioconversion of different pre-treated agricultural feed stocks into saccharides was carried out using thermophilic cellulases. Agricultural by-products i.e. sugarcane bagasse, wheat and rice straw were subjected to acid and alkali at steaming temperatures, auto-hydrolysis and microwave pre-treatments. Auto-hydrolysed and alkali pre-treated substrates showed better delignification i.e. 86.01% (wheat straw), 77.84% (sugarcane bagasse), 67.23% (rice straw) vs. 84.11% (wheat straw), 73.90% (sugarcane bagasse), 68.47% (rice straw), respectively. These de-lignified substrates were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) which were subsequently removed by washing with distilled water, extraction by organic solvents and detoxification by calcium hydroxide. Minimum residual TPC was observed in auto-hydrolysed substrates using calcium hydroxide i.e. 52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dry weight (DW) of substrate in wheat straw, 59 mg GAE/g DW in sugarcane bagasse and 54 mg GAE/g DW in rice straw. The surface area i.e. 4 and 2mm granule size of all auto-hydrolysed substrates was assessed for saccharification potential and granule size of 2mm was found best with saccharification of 11.01% (sugarcane bagasse), 9.34% (wheat straw) and 4.36% (rice straw). Saccharification of auto-hydrolysed substrates using simultaneous addition of cellulases gave maximum saccharification in wheat straw i.e. 22.93% after 5 h of incubation at 80°C employing sodium citrate buffer of pH 6.5. Cellulase concentration of Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (125 U), Exo-1,4-β-glucanase (150 U) and β-1,4- Glucosidase (50 U) was optimized for 2% of wheat straw yielding 36.78% saccharification. Sequential addition of cellulases showed an improved saccharification of 55.64% employing Endo- 1,4-β-glucanase (75 U), Exo-1,4-β-glucanase (100 U) and β-1,4-glucosidase (50U) after 5.5 h of incubation. Scale up of the sequential saccharification in a 50 L reaction vessel resulted in increased saccharification of 57.91% with decreased time of incubation (3.5 h). In addition, substrate concentration of 2.5 % with agitation of 100 rpm was optimized with consequent saccharification of 62.12%. After saccharification, the hydrolysate was analyzed for TPC which were removed using activated charcoal. Minimum TPC i.e. 64.43 mg GAE/mL of liquid phase was achieved using 3% activated charcoal at 40°C after 20 min of incubation. The hydrolysate was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and found to have glucose and cellobiose. Wheat straw before auto-hydrolysis, after auto- hydrolysis and enzymatic breakdown was assessed for structural variance by scanning electron microscopy.