آؤ خود کو ڈھونڈتے ہیں،،
جانے کب سے کھو چکا ہوں شہر میں
جانے کب سے اپنا چہرہ ڈھونڈتا پھرتا ہوں میں
شہر کے ان راستوں میں
کس قدر تنہائی ہے
ہر کوئی تنہائیوں کی
بھیڑ میں کھویا ہوا ہے
یوں تو سورج کا اجالا ضوفشاں ہے
پھر بھی گلیوں میں ابھی تک
تیرگی سی ہے رواں
ایسے عالم میں بھلا ہم
کیسے ڈھونڈیں خود کو اپنے شہر میں
شہر اپنا ہےمگر ہم
ڈھونڈتے پھرتے ہیں خود کو
جانے کب دیکھیں گے ہم اک آشنا چہرہ کوئی
گر یہاں کوئی ہمارا آشنا چہرہ نہیں تو
آؤ خود کو ڈھونڈ لیں
آؤ خود کو دیکھ لیں
شہر کی اس بھیڑ میں
Social movements are considered to be a modern phenomenon but they have existed in the past as well. Aligarh movement initiated by Sir Sayyid Ahmed khan is a typical social movement from 19th century, aimed at modernization and uplift of the Muslim community of India. It emerged in a period when the Indian Muslims were facing a sharp decline in their socio-economic and political status. This decline had created a psychology of retreat among them wherein they suspected any attempt to reform their lot. For instance, the introduction of modern education by the British rulers was adopted by the Hindu majority for obvious economic benefits. Conversely, the Muslims remained wary of modern education, particularly the English language as a conspiracy to destroy their age-old culture and religion. In this backdrop Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan’s tireless drive to inculcate modern education proved to be a miracle that transformed the Muslim middle classes for the next century. Although Aligarh movement has attracted tremendous scholarship, there has been virtually little attempt to theorize it as a social movement. In this context the present paper aims to study Aligarh Movement on the parameters of contemporary theories highlighting the causal dimensions of social movements. It will particularly explore the relevance of the elements of deprivation, resource mobilization, political processes, structural strain and those highlighted by the new social movement theory as causal factors in the emergence and evolution of Aligarh Movement.
Muhammad Asim Butt, the renowned Urdu writer, started his literary career during 1990s. He developed his own peculiar style of his literary writings, which distinguishes him from his contemporaries. In addition, he introduced the modern western literary cults and trends through his works of translations into Urdu. He has issued many valuable volumes of the modern literature to promote the modern literature. In his literary works, he deals with the present-day subjects of his times. I tried to make an analytical study of the literary works of Muhammad Asim Butt in my research dissertation for M Phil. I tried to critically appreciate his novels, short stories, and works of translations. My dissertation comprises of six chapters. Chapter one: It deals with the person and the biography of the writer. In this chapter, his family background, family life, and the start of his career as a writer have been discussed. Chapter two: It deals with his short stories. In this chapter, an overview of history of short story has been presented in a brief manner. Then, a thematic and stylistic study of the short stories of the writer is rendered. Chapter three: This chapter deals with the novels of the writer. In this chapter, a brief overview of the history of the novel is presented, then, the two novels of the writer has been studied with respect to their themes, characters, and style. Chapter four: in this chapter after discussing the technicalities of the science of translation, the writer's works of translation have been studies. Chapter five: in this chapter the editorial works of the writer have been discussed. The last chapter comprises of an overview, findings and recommendations.