المبحث الخامس: إتفاق الشعراء حول نازك الملائكة
اتفق الشعراء والنقاد بأن نازك الملائکۃ شاعرۃ عظیمۃ لأنھا لھا ممیزات أدبیۃ وشعریۃ رائعۃ وأنھا تستجیب لشعورھا وإحساسھا قبل کل شيء. یقول محمد غنیمي : ’’الشاعر یستغرق في تجربتہ، والکشف عنھا ھو غایتہ، ونظرہ إلی جمھورہ ثانوي، لأن عملہ استجابہ إلی شعورہ قبل أن یکون تلبیۃ لفکرۃ‘‘. وقیل عن القرن التاسع عشر والقرن العشرین: ’’ھذا القرنان اللذان یعجبان بعدد من شاعرات العرب، عائشۃ التیموریۃ ونازك الملائکۃ وفدوی طوقان وعائکۃ الخزرجي وجلیلۃ رضا وجمیلۃ العلایلي وغیرھن‘‘ ۔
مکانة نازك الملائكة بين الشاعرات (النساء) في عصرها
لنازك الملائکۃ مکانۃ عظیمۃ بین شاعرات وأدیبات عصرھا، وتعتبر ھي الرائدۃ للشعر الحر، وقد أعطت نازك الملائکۃ تعریفاً واضحاً للشعر الحر بأن ’’ھو شعر ذو شطر واحد لیس لہ طول ثابت وإنما یصح أن یتغیر عدد تفعیلات من شطر إلی شطر .
والآن دعونا نتعرف علی بعض شاعرات العرب اللآتی لھن الفضل الکبیر والأعمال الرائعۃ القیمۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیہ سواءً النثر أو الشعر۔
عائشة التيمورية
ھي عائشۃ عصمت بنت إسماعیل باشا بن محمد کاشف تیمور، ولدت في أحد قصور(درب سعادۃ) عام 1840م۔ نشأت في بیت علم وسیاسۃ، تزوجت وھي في الرابعۃ عشرۃ من عمرھا سنۃ 1854م. فقدت الشاعرۃ ابنتھا توحیدۃ التي توفیت في سن الثانیۃ عشر وظلت سبع سنین ترثیھا حتی ضعف بصرھا وأصیبت بالرمد فانقطعت عن الشعر والأدب، وکان لھذا الحادث الأثر العمیق في نفس عائشۃ وظلت سبع سنوات بعد وفاۃ ابنتھا في حزن دائم وبکاء لا ینقطع في سنۃ 1898 أصیبت بمرض في المخ واستمر المرض أربع سنوات فتوفیت في 25 مایو عام 1902م۔
فدویٰ طوقان
فدوی طوقان (1917۔2003) من أھم شاعرات فلسطین في القرن العشرین من مدینۃ نابلس، ولقبت بشاعرۃ فلسطین، حیث مثّل شعرھا أساساً قویاً للتجارب الأنثویۃ في الحب والثورۃ واحتجاج المرأۃ علی المجتمع، فکانت شاعرۃ عظیمۃ وأدیبۃ رائعۃ لھا أعمال نثریۃ وشعریۃ.
شعرھا
1. وحدي مع الأیام،...
Manuscript is a handwritten book. The writer of such book is known as "khattat". In the field of research editing and Makhtoota hold primary position. No research is possible without it. Editing is the farther goal than research. Therefore, being an expert in the manuscript is an obligatory factor for editing Manuscripts are the richest treasure of the human civilization, and their great contribution. They are the chronological records of past memories, incidents and circumstances. They need great expertise to understand these. A person who is not capable expert of manuscripts, he can’t carry out the research or editing task effectively.
Diet based regimen is considered as an imperative approach to mitigate physiological dysfunctions. In this regard, red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) possesses significant antioxidant activity attributed to its biologically active betalains for the management of lifestyle related disorders. Purposely, present research was planned to assess the prophylactic potential of dietary beetroot supplementation in delaying hepatic and renal stress. In this respect, red beetroot was evaluated for proximate composition followed by extraction of bioactive moieties using solvents; ethanol, water and ethanol:water (1:1) at different time intervals i.e. 20, 40 and 60 min. Resultantly, extracts obtained at 40 min using ethanol:water depicted highest total phenolics (182.98±3.47 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (51.84±1.22 mg CE/g), betacyanins (69.69±2.36 mg/g), betaxanthins (35.41±2.25 mg/g) and total betalains (105.10±4.61 mg/g). Likewise, highest antioxidant activities were also exhibited by ethanol:water based extracts recovered at 40 min as evident from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (78.12±1.03%), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (1.93±0.05 mM Fe2+/g) and 2,2''-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) (5.08±0.46 mM TE/g) assays. Hence, this extract was further used to prepare nutraceutical beetroot drink. In product development, three beetroot beverages namely beetroot juice (T1), functional beetroot drink (T2) and nutraceutical beetroot drink (T3) were prepared and assessed during storage. Amongst, T3 and T1 represented better physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory attributes during storage. Accounting this, beetroot juice (BJ) and nutraceutical beetroot drink (BND) were subjected to bioevaluation trial for assessing their prophylactic role against hepatic and renal stress. In bioefficacy, three studies comprising of normal (study I), hepatotoxic (study II) and renotoxic (study III) rats were reared in three groups in each study serving as control, BJ and BND treated animals, respectively. The biochemical markers exhibited non-momentous variations amongst the groups in study I whereas, momentous differences in biochemical markers of rats in study II and III. The provision of BJ & BND showed marked reduction in lipid peroxidation status of hepatic (32.51 & 27.22%; study II) and renal (19.23 & 23.09%; study III) tissues, respectively compared to respective control. Similarly, lowered nitric oxide levels were noted in BJ and BND treated rats (study III) as 11.32 and 8.56%, respectively. Considerably higher superoxide dismutase (28.12 & 25.33%) and catalase (21.43 & 24.21%) activities were noticed in hepatic tissues of rats in study II on pretreatment with BJ & BND, relatively. Likewise, renal tissues of BJ & BND treated rats demonstrated elevated superoxide dismutase (18.92 & 21.45%) and catalase (11.98 & 15.21%) activities, correspondingly with respect to renotoxic control. Amongst serum hepatic health biomarkers, BND treatment showed 25.39, 22.05, 26.02 & 24.07% whilst, BJ indicated 21.45, 19.23, 23.52 & 22.41% lower levels of ALT, AST, ALP & bilirubin, respectively than control (study II). Besides, reduced serum urea (19.47 & 23.19%) and creatinine (16.30 & 21.74%) values were expressed by BJ & BND treated renotoxic rats (study III). In contrary, total proteins, albumins and globulins were higher by 8.79, 8.64 and 8.96%, respectively in BJ whilst, 11.21, 10.96 and 11.47% in BND treated renotoxic rats compared to positive control. Histological assessment of liver and kidney tissues also indicated prophylactic role of beetroot based beverages in preserving cellular portfolio. Conclusively, dietary supplementation of red beetroot has shown effectual therapeutic control of oxidative stress mediated hepatic and renal dysfunctions. Hence, red beetroot based products should be encouraged in routine diet to alleviate lifestyle related disorders with special reference to liver and kidney health.