دشتِ افسوس میں اک پھول کھلا ہو جیسے
تو خزاں زاد شجر سے ہی ملا ہو جیسے
ایک مدت سے بیابانی تھی دل میں میرے
تو مرے غم مرے ہر دکھ کا صلہ ہو جیسے
روح مجروح تھی اور ادھڑے تھے ٹانکے دل کے
تیرے آنے سے ہر اک زخم سلا ہو جیسے
تم سے بچھڑیں تو کسی طور بھی ہم جی نہ سکیں
سانس تو سانس ہے تم دل کی جلا ہو جیسے
تم فضاؔ چھائی ہو اک ابرِ کرم کی صورت
ہم نہ مل پائے یہی خود سے گلہ ہو جیسے
The freedom of religion in communist China is an ambiguous notion as the communist party understands religion as a reminiscent of backwardness and simultaneously proclaims the freedom of religion in the country. Islam, religion practiced by Hui minority, is included among the recognized religions of China and its adherents are granted rights to follow it. This paper argues that the Communist party has employed a disguised policy of controlling religious belief through establishing state controlled religious organizations and imparting freedom to practice religion. The slow and steady mind-making through these institutions train Hui youth to withdraw from their religion and to facilitate this withdrawal, the previously extant correlation between Hui ethnicity and religion (Islam) has been eliminated by the state and Hui ethnicity has nothing to do with religious affiliation anymore. The data for this research has been collected through ethnographic research upon the Hui community of Xi’an, employing unobtrusive observation as well as intensive interviewing.
The impact of integrated phosphorus (P) management and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on wheat crop was assessed in field experiments at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan, for two consecutive years (2015-16 and 2016-17). Two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications was used in the experiments. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (with and without) and integration of mineral and organic P sources i.e. single superphosphate (SSP), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM) were tested in the experiments. The rate of phosphorus (75 kg ha-1) was maintained in all plots. Sole application of SSP produced maximum tillers m-2 (345) with earlier heading (110 days) and maturity (140 days) stage. More organic matter (1.19%), N (0.083%), P (4.30 mg kg-1), K (128.9 mg kg-1) and lower pH (7.64) of the soil were detected in plots treated with 100% P from FYM. Among P management ratios, 50% P from SSP + 50% P from PM or FYM had better impact on wheat crop than other ratios as well as sole application of FYM, PM and SSP. Significantly taller plants (98.8 cm) with maximum crop growth rate (17.1 g m-2 day-1), leaf area tiller-1 (118.5 cm2), leaf area index (3.98), spikes m-2 (297), grains spike-1 (48.9), thousand grains weight (42.98 g), biological yield (12391 kg ha-1), grain yield (4367 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.2%), grain N concentration (2.05%), straw N concentration (0.38%), crude protein (12.82 %), straw P concentration (0.17%), grain P concentration (0.38%), straw P uptake (13.7 kg ha-1), grain P uptake (16.5 kg ha-1), total P uptake (30.2 kg ha-1) and phosphorus use efficiency (25.3%) was recorded in wheat crop by the application of 50% P from PM + 50% from SSP. Enhanced leaves, stem, spikes and total dry weight (106.0, 419.8, 111.5 and 637.3 g m-2 respectively at heading stage and 78.8, 521.6, 643.8 and 1244.2 g m-2 respectively at physiological maturity stage) was maintained by wheat plants at 50% P from PM + 50% from SSP. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) significantly improved plant height (95.8 cm), leaf area tiller-1 (110.5 cm2), leaf area index (3.65), crop growth rate (16.3 g m-2 day-1), total tillers m-2 (328), spikes m-2 (276), grains spike-1 (46.7), thousand grains weight (41.47 g), grain yield (4014 kg ha-1), biological yield (11754 kg ha-1), harvest index (34.1%), grain N concentration (1.78 %), crude protein (11.15 %), straw P concentration (0.16 %), grain P concentration (0.36%), straw P uptake (12.5 kg ha-1), grain P uptake (14.6 kg ha-1), total P uptake (27.1 kg ha-1), phosphorus use efficiency (22.0 %), soil organic matter (1.04 %) and soil total P (3.69 mg kg-1). PSB application maintained higher leaves, stem, spike and total dry weight (103.7, 406.6, 109.2 and 619.5 g m-2 respectively) at heading stage and leaves, stem, spike and total dry weight (75.5, 495.8, 618.2 and 1189.5 g m-2 respectively) at physiological maturity stage. Delayed heading (114 days) and physiological maturity (144 days) with high soil pH (7.66) was recorded in plots not sown with PSB treated seeds. It is concluded that PSB in combination with 50% P from SSP + 50% from PM or FYM performed better as far as growth, yield characteristics and yield of wheat and in this manner prescribed for higher productivity of wheat crop in the agro climatic state of Peshawar-Pakistan.