Vertebrate pests e.g. rodents, rabbits, bats, birds, ungulates etc. cause major
problem for humans, agriculture & environment. In this study, only mouse and rabbits were
selected for the study of their biology and how they can be controlled to obviate the damage
they cause to agriculture and its by-products.
They are found freely on terrestrial ecosystem, mainly in food crops, warehouses,
gardens, in homes etc. Mainly they live by digging holes or by making tunnels in the ground.
They are smaller sized mammals but most active around the clock. They have sharp
teeth, well adapted sense of smell and hearing. They have whiskers on their mouth that
provide special sense to run away from threat place or to detect what is happening around.
Mice are mainly nocturnal & their presence can be detected by several ways like
tracks, burrows, gnawing activity, and faecal droppings. Rabbit presence can also be detected
by faeces, tunnels, tracks etc.
Mice are sporadic feeders. Their diet mainly consist of cereals, dry fruits, nuts,
butter etc., while rabbits are opportunistic feeders, mainly herbivores found eating grasses,
fruits, vegetables etc.
As they are part of nature and are necessary to maintain balance in ecosystem,
aesthetic value of nature, but they become most irritating when they rush to human localities
and found causing damage there.
They are very active and motile and sometimes it becomes difficult to observe
their activities. By practising a single method to control them and avoid damage they are
causing is mostly insufficient. To trap them, several different strategies are adopted so that
they can be managed properly and amount of loss can be reduced.
Mostly they infect humans by causing diseases to them directly or indirectly,
moreover they spoil food, damage the crops, and destroy warehouses & the risk increases
many times if they destroy the seeds that have to be sown in the next growing season. Several
methods can be applied to control these pests that are practically very important against them.
These methods include cage trapping, habitat modification, and control by using rodenticides,
anticoagulants and other toxins.
Biological control is most safe way to manage them, as no risk factors are
involved in this strategy. Predators like hawks, fox, wild cats and dogs etc. are introduced in
affected area for selected vertebrate pests (mouse and rabbit) to get rid of them effectively.
Their predators easily locate and prey on these pests.
اک واری دی گل اے کہ اک جنگل وچ اک طوطا رہندا سی۔ طوطا بہت خوش سی کہ اوس نوں جنگل وچوں کھاون لئی وافر پھل مل جاندے نیں۔ اوہ ایہناں نوں کھاندا تے جنگل دی سیر کردا۔ اک دن اوہ امرود دے درخت اتے بیٹھا امرود کھا رہیا سی کہ اک گالڑ وی اوس درخت اتے چڑھ آندا اے۔ پہلاں اک دوجے دے یار بن جاندے نیں۔ طوطا گالڑ نوں امرود کھواوندا اے تے اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ ایس توں بعد طوطا تے گالڑ اپنے اپنے گھر آ جاندے نیں۔
کئی دناں توں بعد اک دن ہلکے ہلکے بدل آئے ہوئے سن۔ ٹھنڈی ہوا چل رہی سی۔ گالڑ گھر وچ ویہلا سی۔ اوس دے من وچ خیال آیا کہ کیوں نہ اج طوطے دے گھر پھیرا پایا جاوے۔ ایس خیال دے آوندیاں ای اوہ تیار ہو کے طوطے دے گھر اپڑ جاندا اے۔ طوطا اوہنوں اپنے گھر ویکھ کے بہت خوش ہوندا اے تے جی آیاں نوں آکھدا اے۔ جنگل وچوں ہر طرح دے پھل اکٹھا کر کے اوہدی مہمان نوازی کر دا اے۔ گالڑ سب کجھ کھا کے طوطے کولوں گھر واپسی دی اجازت لیندا اے۔ واپسی تے گالڑ طوطے نوں اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ جو طوطا قبول کر لیندا اے۔
کجھ دناں بعد طوطا گالڑ دے گھر جاون دا پروگرام بناندا اے۔ اوہ تیار ہو کے اوہدے گھر جاندا اے۔ اوہدا گھر اک سکی ٹاہلی اتے ہوندا اے۔ گالڑ طوطے نوں خوش آمدید آکھدا اے تے خوشی دا اظہار کردا اے۔ گالڑ کدی ٹاہلی دے اپر چڑھدا اے تے کدی تھلے اتر دا اے۔ طوطا اوہدا ایہہ عمل ویکھ کے ڈاڈا حیران ہوندا اے۔ جدوں بہت وقت لنگھ گیا تاں طوطے نے سوچیا کہ...
Politics is the field where women have been ignored since ancient times, due to the political notions determined by ideological beliefs and cultural norms. Among the United Nations’ measures remove gender inequalities, includes recommendation for reserving 30 per cent seats for women in legislatures. In Pakistan, this remarkable change was effected in 2000, as it reserved 33 percent seats for women at the local government and 17 per cent at the Provincial/National Assemblies and the Senate level, so about 40,000 women entered in local bodies throughout the country in 2000-01, and almost 55,000 women contested local government in 2005. Despite these developments, women are still facing challenges that deter the full realization of their roles as active interlocutors of policy-making. Keeping in view these aspects, this paper has analyzed the local government, focusing on women, exploring whether the increasing number of women in legislatures is merely a numerical strength, or is empowering them, too, Whether they are the ‘subjects of change’ or the ‘agents of change.’ It is calculated that administrative structures of local government is male-dominated, whereas women are trying to ensure their position, however, gendered barriers remain unbroken
Politicians, policy makers and economic managers want to spur economic growth, bring economic stability and to create jobs. Economic growth is not only affected by macroeconomic policies but it is also prone to various types of shocks. Appropriate and timely policy response can at least minimize, if not completely escaped, the distortions and loses associated with shocks. Optimization of economic growth and its sustainability demands the execution of good macroeconomic policies in general and fiscal and monetary policy in particular. Some time fiscal policy seems to be more effective while the environment is more favorable for monetary policy in other times. We also know that both fiscal and monetary policy have different objective with different policy instruments. The macroeconomic situation of Pakistan’s is very depressing and the situation demands stark assessment of its macroeconomic policies particularly fiscal and monetary policy. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy using small scale open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. This thesis explores the responsiveness of monetary policy to fiscal policy vis-à-vis explore the fiscal implications of monetary policy. As we assume a small scale open economy, we also explore the responses of fiscal and monetary policy interaction to technology and foreign output shocks. We also countercheck few results using the techniques of autoregressive distributive lag model. Our findings reveal the existence of interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in Pakistan. The response of interest rate to fiscal policy, particularly to tax shock is positive. Fiscal and monetary policy behaves as a strategic complements. This is not a good sign for a crippling economy like Pakistan’s as two important macroeconomic policies are contractionary simultaneously. Similarly when it comes to spending component, interest rate negatively responds when government increases spending. Both fiscal and monetary authority adopts expansionary policies simultaneously. We also find that higher interest rate discourage government borrowing. Inflation responds negatively to interest rate in DSGE set up while the phenomenon of price puzzle exists in ARDL schemes of things. The response of inflation is positive to both higher taxes and government spending. Government spending reduces in response to a monetary policy shock. Tax revenue also reduces when interest rate shock occurs in the economy. Inflation also raises the revenue from taxes but is very short lived.