An Introduction to Islamic Modes of Financing for Elimination of Interest Based Transactions in Banking Sector of Pakistan

The Economic system ofIslam is very balanced one. Islam does not deprive a person to take benefit of all halal (permissible) things, while it has banned all illegal means of earning like deceit, corruption, gambling, etc. Among all evils, interest/usury is the worst form of earning and those who are involved in transactions based on it, they have been threatened with hell. While on the other hand, in most banks and other financial institutions, transactions are carried out on the basis ofinterest. This is why Muslim scholars worked out alternative modes based on Islamic financing to replace interest-based transactions. In this article six modes of financing i. e. Musharakah. , Mudharabah, Murabahah, Ijarah, Salam and Istisnah have been discussed. If these Islamic inodes of financing are adopted in banking sector and in otherfinancial institutions, then it is hoped that in a very short span of time elimination ofriba would be possible.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Maize Zea Mays L . Genotypes for Acquistion and Utilization of Iron and Zinc under Saline Conditions

This study was designed to examine the relationship of classroom learning environment and Teacher Interaction with secondary school students’ attitude towards the learning of English Language in context of Pakistan. Classroom environment is considered as one of the influential factor in enhancing learners’ achievement, attitude and learning process. The objectives of the study were to investigate secondary level students’ English language classroom learning environment, teachers’ interaction in English language classes and attitude towards learning of English language. Moreover, the relationship of classroom learning environment and teacher interaction with secondary level students’ attitude towards the learning of English on gender and locale was also established in the study. The study at hand was co relational and descriptive. For data collection survey method was used. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used for sample selection of the study. Stratification was based on three geographic zones of Punjab: Northern, Central and Southern Punjab. One district from each zone was selected randomly. The sample of the study was 930 students from 03 districts of the Punjab. Three instruments were used, first for Classroom learning environment, second for discovering Teacher Interaction in English language classes and third for finding out students’ attitude towards learning of English language. Data for this study were analyzed by using statistical operations through SPSS. T-test was used to calculate the significant difference between means of different categories of respondents like rural & urban, male and female. To investigate the possible relationship among the variables, Pearson correlation was used. Results of the study showed that male and female respondents reflected significant differences on English language classroom learning environment, teacher interaction and attitude towards English. It further revealed that female respondents were more favorable on their classroom learning environment, get more teachers’ support and interaction than male in their English language classes and had more positive attitude towards the learning of English. Significant positive correlation was found among classroom learning environment, Teacher Interaction and attitude towards the learning of English. Findings suggest that positive attitude in a foreign language class can be developed by making learning environment more favorable in shape of better pupil-teacher relationships and teacher support, involvement, cooperation and equity. It may help in developing attitude towards Adoption of English language learning attitude and enjoyment of English lessons in the classroom.