Influences of ‘Allāma Muḥammad Iqbāl on Thoughts of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad(d:1431A. H/2010A. D) admits this fact that his personality is deeply influenced by Dr. ‘Allāma Muḥammad Iqbāl(d:1357A. H/1938A. D). In his book titled Da‘vat Rujū‘ ilā al-Qur’ān kā Manẓar-o-Pasmanẓar, he writes:
“The foremost and the deepest imprint on my mind is that of late ‘Allāma Iqbāl’s Urdu Poetry as I spent my high school life (1941-1947A. D) in reading and humming of bāng-e-darā, bāl-e-Jibra’īl, zarb-e-Kalīm and verses of armughān-e-Ḥijāz. This aroused in me a national passion so I, in that era, found the only like-minded group of the Muslim League, associated myself as per my little ability with the Muslim Students Federation- a body of the Muslim League movement. [1]
At another point in the same book, he further writes:
“No denying the fact that like howal awwalo wal ākhiro, my thoughts and vision have the initial and final impact of late ‘Allāma Iqbāl; the former mostly being ‘passionate’ with the outcome of ‘Passion for the Community’ whereas the latter is purely ‘Conceptual’; thus, my concept has the objectivity of “Studying the Qur’ān in the background of Modern Concepts” or “Analysis and Review of the Modern Thoughts in the Light of the Qur’ān”. [2]
The above lines explain that the vision of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad(d:1431A. H/2010A. D) had the initial impact on ‘Allāma Iqbāl’s personality. The thoughts propounded by Dr. Isrār Aḥmad all his life have the footprints leading to the poetry of Iqbāl.
Political System in Islām
Politically, ‘Allāma Iqbāl was strictly against a democratic government as he says:
tou nay kiā dekhā nahi maghrib kā Jamhōri...
Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC. It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.
Alcohols and cyclic alkanes oxidation, in an environment friendly protocol, was carried out in a typical batch reactor. These reactions were carried out in solvent free conditions and/or in eco-friendly solvents using molecular oxygen as the only oxidant and ZrO2 and/or ZrO2 supported noble metals (Pt, Pd) as catalysts. The influence of different reaction parameters (speed of agitation, reaction time, and temperature), catalyst parameters (calcination temperature and loading), and oxygen partial pressure on the catalyst performance was studied. Different modern techniques such as (FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, surface and pores size analyzer and particle size analyzer) were used for the characterization of catalyst. ZrO2 calcined at 1223 K was found to be more active as a single catalyst than the one calcined at 723 K for alcohol oxidation to the corresponding carbonyl products under solvent free conditions and in ecofriendly solvent as well. Platinum supported on zirconia was highly active and selective for oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in n- heptane, and toluene to benzoic acid in both solvent free conditions and in aqueous medium. Similarly, zirconia supported Pt or Pd catalysts were tested for cyclohexane oxidation in solvent free conditions and for phenol oxidation in aqueous medium. Both catalysts have shown magnificent catalytic activity. Bismuth was added as a promoter to these catalysts. Bismuth promoted Pt/ZrO2 has shown outstanding catalytic performance. These catalysts are insoluble in the reaction mixture and can be easily separated by simple filtration and reused. Typical batch reactor’s kinetic data were obtained and fitted to the classical Langmuir–Hinshelwood, Mars–van Krevelen and as well as to the Eley-Rideal model of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. In alcohol oxidation reactions the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was found to give a better fit. The rate-determining step was proposed to involve direct interaction of an adsorbed oxidizing species with the adsorbed reactant or an intermediate product of the reactant. While in toluene oxidation the Eley-Rideal model was found to give a better fit. Eley-Rideal mechanism envisages reaction between adsorbed oxygen with hydrocarbon molecules from the fluid phase. The calculated apparent activation energy and agitation effect have shown the absence of mass transfer effect.