تعلیم کی اہمیت
جہاں تک دیکھیے تعلیم کی فرمانروائی ہے
جو سچ پوچھو تو نیچے علم ہے اوپر خدائی ہے
تاریخ کی ورق گردانی کریں تو یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ اس دنیا کے اندر جو بھی کارہائے نمایاں سر انجام دیے گئے وہ صرف اور صرف تعلیم ہی کی بدولت تھے ۔تعلیم ایک فرد میں جرأت مندی حوصلہ، دلیری، ثابت قدمی، قناعت پسندی ، صداقت، لیاقت، امانت اور دیانت جیسی عظیم صفات کی موجودگی کا سبب بنتی ہے۔
قرآنِ پاک کا مطالعہ کریں تو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ تعلیم کی کتنی اہمیت ہے۔ حضرت آدم ںمسجودِ ملائکہ بنے تو تعلیم ہی کے ذریعے یعنی اللہ تعالیٰ نے آپؐ کو اشیاء کاعلم سکھا دیا۔ طالوت کو بادشاہت ملی تو سبب علم ہی کو بتایا گیا۔ اگر حضرت یوسف کو سیاہ و سفید کا مالک بنایا گیا اور مصر کی بادشاہت ملی تو اس کا سبب بھی تعلیم ہی بنی۔ آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ اِنّی حَفِیْظ عَلم علا وہ از یں متعدد مقامات پرتعلیم ہی کا ذکر ہے کہ اس کے ذریعے کا ئنات میں مختلف امور سرانجام دیے گئے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کو ہر اس شے کا علم عطا فرمایا جو آپ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم نہیں جانتے تھے۔ ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے کہ’’ اور سکھادیاتمہیں جو تو نہیں جانتا تھا‘‘(القرآن) اللہ تعالیٰ کی ذات کے بعد اگر کسی ہستی کا مرتبہ علیٰ و اَرفع ہے تو رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی ذات ہے لیکن اس کے باوجود بھی وہ یوں دعا کرتے ہیں کہ ’’یارب العالمین میرے علم میں اضافہ فرما‘‘تعلیم کی اہمیت ہر دور میں مسلمہ رہی ہے۔
حدیث نبوی میں ہے کہ:
’’ علم حاصل کرو گود سے لے کر گورتک‘‘ (الحدیث)
’’علم حاصل کرنا ہر مرد...
Human life is the subjective of change with the changing circumstances. If we look at the condition of our late grandfather or great – grandfather and look at the contemporary situation; it will not be difficult to understand this change. The rules about some important issues had been changed with the passage of time. In the initial descendants of Adam the marriage of brothers and sisters was allowed, after the flood of Noah, due to the scarcity of animals, the meat of all kinds of animals was allowed, two sisters were married to Hazrat Yaqub (A.S) at the same time, but the rules had been reversed afterwards. Even in the time of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, such changes took place and they were associated with the changing conditions. Initially it was banned to visit the graves and the sacrificial meet was not allowed to keep for more than three days and it was mandatory upon the women to attend the congregational prayer but afterwards the permissions were granted contrarily. Fortunately, we have a body of jurisprudence in the light of which not only contemporary issues can be solved but also guidance can be provided for the future. Our leading Jurists, who are followed, have done a remarkable job in this regard. The following article reviews the teachings of the three jurists, namely Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and teachings of their glean jurists. It will make clear that under changing circumstances these jurists seemed to agree on change. Therefore, by using the efforts of these jurists, we can try to resolve the problems of our contemporary changes and requirements throughout the Muslim World.
Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis), is a zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals and contaminated environment. The disease has been reported from many countries of the world but no study has been done in Pakistan. In the current project, a total of 2280 soil samples representing 456 villages of eight districts of Punjab province were collected from way-points having human-animal interaction, processed for genomic extraction and tested through real time PCR for presence or absence of F. tularensis. Association of risk factors was determined from data such as gender and age of animals, plough method, irrigation system, fertilizer type used, availability of veterinary services, level of farmer education, physical and chemical composition of the soil. Moreover serum samples (n=707) collected randomly from goat (n = 200), sheep (n = 175), cattle (n = 179), and buffalo (n = 153) were analyzed for antibodies against F. tularensis by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventy four soil samples (3.24 percent) were found positive for F. tularensis. Phylogenetic analysis showed 100 percent similarity index with F. tularensis sub specie holarctica reported from other regions like USA, Sweden, Spain, Turkey and Germany. Presence of F. tularensis in soil showed negative association with increase in number of human density (0.7159; 0.3834- 0.2054). Prevalence of anti- Ft ELISA antibodies were significantly higher (p<0.05) in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) as compared to small ruminants (goat and sheep). Age and gender- wise analyses showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) between small and large ruminants. Whereas, rain-irrigation system (2.96: 1.35- 6.48), lack of veterinary services (4.77:1.26-18.03) and use of organic fertilizer (5.3: 11.38- 20.39) have positive association with prevalence of anti- Ft ELISA antibodies in the serum. Sero-prevalence of F. tularensis in the animals has significant viiassociation with quantity of clay in soil (p<0.05). A conventional PCR based test has also been optimized for detection of F. tularensis using tul4 gene specific primers. Specificity of primer showed Ft detection in soil DNA in the presence of other cross-reactive organism. Sensitivity was determined in two fold dilutions with detection limit of up to 320 pg/μL. Utilizing pET28a vector, a construct was prepared containing transformed tul4 gene (450bp) showing 100 percent sequence homology to query gene sequence. For manufacturing diagnostic assays especially in developing countries where availability of BSL-3 facilities and positive control reagents is an issue, provision of tul4 gene based constructs in vector can act as positive control and safe to use.