فتوی کا اسلامی منہج: مجموع فتاوی ابن تیمیہ کے تناظر میں

Im฀m Ibn Taymiyyah is a well-known scholar of Muslims. He was an ocean of knowledge and wisdom. His books prove his excellence He was born in 661 Hijrah in Harr฀n (Syria). He learned every kind of knowledge especially religious knowledge i. E knowledge of Qur’฀n, Tafs฀r, Had฀th, Fiqh, Jurisprudence, philosophy, inheritance law, mathematics, grammar, literature, and poetry etc. He wrote hundreds of books about the above mentioned fields. He was permitted to give Fatw฀ (verdict) in his early age. He was successful in achieving the position of Ijtih฀d (authoritative interpretation of Islamic Law). Ibn Taymiyyah Studied the Profound Books of religions and sects. Then he analyzed the works in the light of senior Imams and Qur฀n and Sunnah. He is an extra ordinary person in his knowledge and writings. In brief we can say the fatw฀s of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah have printed in thirty seven volumes. His first ratiocination in Fatwa is from the Holy Qur฀n. He presents the arguments from the Hadith and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). He considered Ijm฀ ‘ (consensus of Muslim opinion) as a proof of Shar฀‘ah. He presents the point of view of various schools of thought, He trusted in the books of ancient scholars. He also answers the anticipating ambiguity and complication. A few of his fatwas begin with all praise to Allah. His fatw฀s are concordant with the life of the Muslims. In this article a deep study of fatwa of Ibn Taymiyyah has been taken as a guideline for fatwa in Islamic methodology.

Effect of Berberis Mediated Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Growth and Yield Attributes of Pisum Sativum L.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Berberry (Berberis lycium Royle) on growth and yield attributes of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Moreover, Taxonomy and distribution of genus Berberis from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan were also recorded. A total of 9 species of Berberis such as B. brandisiana, B. chitria, B. glaucocarpa, B. kashmirana, B. lycium, B. parkeriana, B. royleana, B. sterwartiana and B. ulicina were identified. These species were distributed from sub-tropical to sub-alpine zones of the state of AJK, Pakistan. It was found that B. lycium distributed in maximum studied sites and further selected for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Confirmation of silver nanoparticles synthesis was made on colour change when aqueous bark extract treated with AgNO3 which was further established with uv-visible spectroscopy. Structural and morphological characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was made with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray and x-ray diffraction analysis. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the rate at which silver ions reduced to AgNPs. It was found that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were pre dominantly spherical, nano in size and crystalline in nature. The morphology of silver nanoparticles was affected by extract and AgNO3 concentrations, temperature and pH. Fourier transform infrared and quantitative screening of bio-molecules confirmed the involvement of alkaloids, flavonoids and reducing sugars as reducing and capping agents of silver nanoparticles. Then these biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were applied on P. sativum to find out their effect on growth and yield of pea. For this, a field experiment was conducted in split-split plot xvi fashion following RCBD. Three varieties of pea (Climax, PF-400 and Meteor) were treated with four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) by means of three modes of application (Seed treatment, foliar spray, seed treatment plus foliar spray). The results were found to be significant with respect to root length, shoot length, chlorophyll contents, seeds pod-1, pods plant-1, 100 seeds weight, biological yield, green pod yield, seed protein and carbohydrate contents. Among the concentrations of silver nanoparticles, 60 ppm produced maximum results applied via seed treatment plus foliar spray. Present findings suggest that silver nanoparticles enhanced the growth and yield of pea at a concentration of 60 ppm.