Comparative Effect Of Tetrapack Juices And Fresh Fruit Juices On Blood Glucose Level Among Healthy Individuals Comparative Effect of Juices on Blood Glucose Level

Uses of tetra pack juices enhances the risk of diabetes and obesity. People were unaware of impact of fresh fruit juices on health. Objective: To compare the effect of tetra pack juices and fresh fruit juices on blood glucoselevels among healthy individuals Methods: 10 participants were selected using an internationalstandard Glycemic Index (GI) test protocol. After getting their fasting blood sample theywereinstructed to consume all the juice served in a period of 5 min. Further blood samples were takenat different intervals of time that is 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes after consumption. Participants wereremained sedentaryduring each session. Blood was obtained by finger-prick and tested by the glucometer. Results: The glycemic index of Apple juice Nestle has the glycemic index of 95.87, Orangejuice Nestle has the GI value 93.78, Apple juice fresh has the GI value of 92.17 and Orangejuice fresh has the glycemic index value of 99.07, respectively Conclusions: Detailed study of glycemic index of tetrapack juices (Nestle Apple and Orangejuice) and fresh fruit juices (Apple and Orange juice) showed similar impact on the blood glucose level of healthy individual. In the study, both types of juices were found to be equally hyperglycemic (GI 70+) causing a fast rise in blood-sugarlevels, hence should not be given to diabetic patients

Exploring Pedagogical Leadership in Schools: Teachers’ Perceptions on How Principals Promote Teaching and Learning

This study explores pedagogical leadership of school principals as teachers perceive and how principals promote teaching and learning in the schools of urban context of Karachi, Pakistan. In the last two decades the focus of policy makers and educators has been shifted from the provision of education to educational outcomes. Different reforms have been introduced to improve quality of education in Pakistan. The role of the principal is central to bringing quality change in schools. Therefore, many attempts have been made to understand principal's leadership styles. However, little empirical evidence is available to explore the principal's role as pedagogical leader with the teachers' eyes under qualitative study and how teachers as key players in school perceive principals' role in promoting teaching and learning in schools. Therefore, this study aims at exploring teachers' perceptions about role of a principal as a pedagogical leader in three schools (public, private and non- profit school organization) at secondary level in the context of Karachi. To achieve the purpose of the study and sufficiently address the research questions, a qualitative research study was designed to explore the perceptions of teachers regarding the pedagogical leadership in schools and how principals promote teaching and learning in the school. The study involved the use of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and field observations. Findings from the study indicate that teachers perceive principals as pedagogical leaders who guide them in classroom teaching and learning through effective pedagogies and strategies, creating collaborative relationships and provide constructive feedback. Whereas, the actual practices of principals rarely meet the perceptions and expectations of teachers because principals most of the time are consumed in day to day administrative tasks. This study is significant because the findings suggest that current and future school principals should attempt to understand how they are perceived by teachers, and, thus, adapt attitude, pedagogical skills, and strategies to demonstrate pedagogical leadership in the school. This study can also be beneficial for the policy makers to develop a policy document on training of teachers, administrative staff, and community members to appreciate and expect the role of principals in teaching and learning apart from the role of administrative matters. The study can further be expanded to teachers of urban and rural context under mixed research method so the result can be generalized. Moreover, perceptions of students about the role of principal as pedagogical leader at secondary level may add value to the study.