نظرة الكونفوشيوسية إلى الكون والإنسان

Confucius was born on September 28, 551BC. He was a teacher, writer, politician, philosopher and ideologue of the ancient China. The philosophy of Confucius emphasizes personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. He championed strong family loyalty and ancestor worship. He also recommended family as a basis for an ideal government. His thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism. Confucius' principles found the basis of the common Chinese traditions, beliefs and culture. Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, but the arguments continue over whether it is a religion or not. The opponents argue that its values are secular, therefore, it is not a religion, while its supporters argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism, it is based on a worldview that is religious, and, thus, can rightly be called a religion. Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some transcendental matters, often considered essential to a religious thought. This article provides an outlook of the Confucianism regarding the universe and the humanity and its comparison with the Islamic viewpoint of the same.

Evaluation of Suspected Renal Colic Patients With Unenhanced Low-Dose Multidetector Computed Tomography Mdct

Acute renal colic is probably one of the most excruciatingly painful event a person can endure. [1]. Though this is typical of urinary tract calculi, it’s important to note that non-calculus and non-genitourinary conditions can present in a similar manner. Unenhanced helical CT (CT KUB), originally described by Smith et al [2] in 1995, is one single radiological test that has proven successful in the valuation of patients presenting with renal colic. This technique has been shown to be more accurate compared to abdominal radiography [3,4], ultrasound and has replaced excretory urography in the detection of urinary tract calculi in many situations [5]. Currently CT KUB has become the clear test of choice for imaging patients with suspected renal colic for a variety of reasons including its speed, non utilization of contrast, high accuracy for diagnosis or exclusion of stone and determination of stone burden, size and location; assessment of obstructive effects of the stone; identification of significant alternative and additional diagnoses; utility in guiding appropriate patient management [6, 7&8]. Therefore it has gained widespread acceptance among radiologists, emergency department physicians, and urologists. However because of the associated radiation dose, various protocols have been studied in an attempt to reduce this dose and found to be equally accurate [6, 7, 8 &9]. The purpose of this study is therefore to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a low radiation protocol in the patient population referred to our department, by comparing CT KUB findings and clinical outcome(s).