آگ
’’آگ‘‘عزیز احمد کا مشہور ناول ہے۔اگر ہم تاریخ کا مطالعہ کریں تو ہمیں معلوم ہوگا کہ آج تک کشمیر کے بارے میں جن دو ناولوں میں لکھا گیا ہے ان میں ایک تو کرشن چندر کا’’شکست ‘‘ہے اور دوسرا’’آگ‘‘ہے۔ ان ناولوں میں کشمیر کے رہنے والوں کی سماجی پس ماندگی ، غربت ،افلاس اور استحصال کو مستقل بحث بنایا گیا ہے۔دونوں کا اندازہ الگ ضرور ہے مگر مقصد ایک ہی ہے۔یعنی بنیادی موضوع کشمیر کی سماجی وسیاسی صورت حال ہے وہاں رہنے والے لوگوں کی اونچ نیچ ہندوانہ سماج میں ذات پات کو لے کر سفاکانہ طریقہ کار پھر اس کا مرکزی کردار بھی عمل قوت سے محروم ہے۔
اگر تاریخی مناظر میں دیکھا جائے تو کشمیر کی صورت حال کو شعوری طور پر سمجھنے کی کوشش جس میں کی گئی ہے۔وہ عزیز احمد کا ناول ’’آگ‘‘ہی ہے۔’’آگ‘‘کا موضوع خاص طور پر کشمیر میں لگی وہ آگ ہے جس نے سارے کشمیر کو اپنی لپیٹ میں لے لیا ہے۔عزیز احمد نے نہایت سلیقے سے ایک طرف تو انگریز سامراج کے خلاف کشمیر میں اور پورے ملک میں ہونے والی آزادی کی تحریکوں کو آگ کہاہے اور دوسری طرف ان کاریگروں کے استحصال کو آگ قرار دیا ہے جو قالین بافی کا کام کرتے ہیں۔ناول کی سب سے بڑی خاصیت ہی یہی ہے کہ اس کا حقیقی زندگی سے بہت گہرا تعلق ہے۔عزیز احمد لکھتے ہیں:
’’ایک طرف پرا پنجال اور دوسری جانب قراقرم ،بیچ میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی طرح کوہ ہمالیہ سب سے اونچا سلسلہ۔ان پہاڑوں نے کشمیر کی ہری وادی لداخ اور بلتستان کے لق ودق کہساروں کو بال بال بچا لیااور دس بارہ سال تک شمال اور جنوب کی آگ وہاں تک نہیں پہنچ سکی۔‘‘(14)
Signaficance of the Understanding of Intra-faith Similerties: Analytical Study in the Context of Pakistan Muslims are commanded to foster unity as breaking into sects is forbidden by Allah. Islam teaches about broadness of vision and the emergence of different denominations in Islam is because of this broadness. There are different school of thoughts that emerged due to the broader perspective of Shar’ῑah rulings like Hanfῑ, Shᾱfῑ, Mᾱlikῑ and Hanblῑ, J'afrῑ etc despite that there is an essential unity in beliefs and practices among the Muslims. They all worship Allah, follow the last Messenger, Muhammad (ﷺ) and the last revelation Qur’an. They face the same Qibla while praying, prostrate to Allah five times a day, and believe in finality of prophet hood. Qur'an and Ahᾱdῑth are a source of jurisprudence for all Muslims. The difference between Muslims is in understanding and interpreting the Scripture and Ᾱhᾱdῑth of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in the matters related with implementation of certain religious, social, political, and other duties. Islam rejects sectarianism, intolerance and extremism. Keeping in mind all of the above-mentioned points, in the article an attempt has been made to analyze the major challenges facing the intra-faith unity in Pakistan. The first is ignorance. Second is the role of media and scholars. Third is curriculum and fourth is intolerance. In the beginning the introduction of different schools of thought is given, and then forbearance demonstrated from the life of ‘Salaf Sᾱlihῑn’ has been described to establish an atmosphere of harmony in the present time, especially in Pakistan. The importance and significance of foundations of harmony is explained in such a manner that every Muslim should understand that the differences between the Muslims are very small, as they are only minor disagreements. Other than that, they are united in beliefs and practices. Finally, in the end, recommendations have been proposed.
Objective: This was a prospective analytic study that aimed to compare the agreement between CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA/CTV) and ultrasonography (US) for diagnosis of thromboembolic disease and determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the 2 tests using the presence of thromboembolic disease as a reference standard.
Methods: 76 consecutive patients who were referred for CTPA at the Radiology department of Aga Khan University Hospital over an 8 month period between December 2008 and July 2009 were included in the study. All the patients underwent combined CTPA/CTV according to the usual departmental protocol. They subsequently had bilateral lower limb duplex US within 24 hours of the CTPA/CTV study. Results for the presence or absence of DVT were analyzed for both CTV and US. Presence of thromboembolic disease was defined by a composite reference standard and this was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for both tests.
Results: 73 patients were included in the final analysis. The 2 imaging tests had similar results in 62 (84.93%) patients; CTV was positive and US was negative in 7 (9.6%) patients, while CTV was negative and US was positive in 4 (5.5%) patients. There was a moderate level of agreement (k= 0.528) between CTV and US for detection of DVT. CTV had a much higher sensitivity (94.1%), specificity (100%), PPV (100%), NPV (98.2%) compared to US (58.9%, 94.6%, 76.9%, 88.3% respectively) when the presence of thromboembolic disease was used as a reference standard.
Conclusion: CTV has higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for detection of asymptomatic DVT compared to US when the presence of venous thromboembolic disease is used as a reference standard. Therefore, in patients suspected to have PE, CTV can be used to detect DVT without an additional duplex US examination.