قانون کے ساتھ بڑے لوگو ں کا کھلواڑ
مصنف نے ایسے طبقے کا ذکر کیا ہے جو ان لوگوں کو راضی رکھنا فرض سمجھتے ہیں جن سے ان کو کام رہتا ہے۔زیادہ تر گورنمنٹ کو راضی کرنے کے لیے گاؤں کے لوگوں کو نواب اور ذیلدار خود ہی اپنے طور طریقے سے سنبھال لیتے ہیں اور اس بات کی خبر بھی گورنمنٹ کو لگنے نہیں دیتے۔ اس طرح کچھ کو تو انصاف مل جاتا مگر زیادہ تر لوگ اپنی بات کو دل میں ہی دبا کر صبر کرلیتے ہیں۔ نواب اور ذیلدار بھی اپنی اپنی ذات میں اتنے مگن ہوتے ہیں کہ اپنے ماتحت کام کرنے والوں کے سپرد اپنی رعایا کردیتے ہیں۔ اس طرح غریب کی آواز گورنمنٹ تو کیا خود نواب تک بھی نہیں پہنچ پاتی۔ مصنف نے اس درد کو محسوس کیا کہ لوگ کس طرح اپنے حق کے لیے بھی آواز نہیں اٹھا پاتے اور اپنے حق سے دستبردار ہو جاتے ہیں۔معاشرے میں مختلف طبقات کا ہونا بھی ایک حقیقت ہے۔ یہ ایک بہت بڑی سچائی ہیکہ دنیا اختلاف رائے پر قائم ہے۔ہر کوئی مختلف ہے رنگ، نسل، زبان، عقائد، امیر، غریب، چھوٹا، بڑا، مختلف رنگ و نسل سے تعلق رکھنے والے مختلف قبائل کے لوگ ریگستانوں، دریاؤں، پہاڑوں،میدانوں کے باسی اور سب سے اہم مختلف نظریات اور گروہوں کی شکل میں مختلف سیاسی پارٹیوں اور مختلف قائدین سے وابستہ لوگ۔اس سب کے باوجود ان کو جو چیز آپس میں ایک رکھتی ہے وہ ہے ان کاآپس میں اعتمادو یقین، اداریاور ملکی حکومت اس چیز کی ضامن ہوتی ہے کہ رویے انصاف پر مبنی ہوں اور یہی انصاف پر مبنی رویے ہی مضبوط معاشرے کی بنیاد بنتے ہیں۔ مگر وہاں جہاں کوئی ایک گروہ سرکش ہو جاتا ہے تو وہ اپنی اجارہ داری کی صورت میں سارا نظام...
Background and Aim: Headache is a very common condition worldwide. Cervicogenic headache is a secondary type of headache. Dentistry requires both, the concentration and precision and dentists have to work in constricted zones for extended period of time so it is important to evaluate headache among dental population. The objective of this study was to screen Cervicogenic headache among dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore.
Methodology: The Descriptive Cross-sectional study, of 6 months duration, was conducted on 125 dentists. The data was collected from Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Non-Probability convenience sampling technique was used. Dentists working for at least 2 years and more than 5 hours daily, with the known cases of headache were included and those who were diagnosed with any other condition that cause headache like acute sinusitis, High blood pressure etc. were excluded. Data was collected by using cervical Flexion Rotation test whose validity is 0.81. Data was entered by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and the same software was used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed that, out of 125 dentists, 36.8% (n=46) were male and 63.2% (n=79) were female and cervical flexion rotation test was positive in 30.4% (n=38) dentists.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cervicogenic headache is present in 30.4% dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College.
This thesis investigates the role of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in European financial markets. Traditional activities of CRAs include information supply, certification, and monitoring services for corporations and rating sovereign debt. Any change in the opinion of CRAs on the sovereign debt has strong implications on the financial markets and the real economy. This thesis contributes to literature by investigating: (i) the effect of sovereign rating and outlook changes on the shape of the sovereign yield curve; (ii) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook changes on stock markets at different levels of business cycle; (iii) the effect of financial liberalization on the growth in sovereign ratings; and (iv) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms.In order to properly investigate these research questions, we employ a variety of pertinent statistical and econometric tools as required in every chapter. These techniques include but are not limited to state space modelling, vector autoregressions, maximum likelihood estimations, Kalman filter approach, generalized method of moments, and limited dependent variable methods. Findings of this thesis reveal, inter alia, that sovereign rating and outlook announcements play an important “confirmation role” in the financial markets; however, the extent of the effect depends on the announcement type, CRA specificity, kind of market and country characteristics. Specifically, the second chapter shows a significant effect of rating downgrades and an insignificant effect of rating upgrades on the sovereign yield curve; however, we observe mixed results for the effect of changes in outlook status of a sovereign country. The third chapter identifies that stock markets react more negatively to rating downgrades in recovery phases and more positively to rating upgrades in the contractionary period. However, we do not find any evidence of a pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating and outlook change on stock returns. The fourth chapter indicates a positive impact of financial liberalization on sovereign ratings, and we show that we cannot reject the hypothesis that financial stability is iv independent of financial liberalization. Moreover, we show in this chapter that sovereign ratings tend to be stable and persistent, otherwise. The fifth chapter suggests a significant negative effect of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms. The last chapter concludes the thesis with implications of these findings for understanding the role of rating agencies in financial markets, policymaking, designing regulations and for investors and firm owners, both in developing and developed economies